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The term Holy Roman Empire was created by Otto I, the King of the Germans who reestablished the empire in 962, 74 years after the fall of the Carolingian Empire. This empire had fallen apart and West Francia, East Francia and Italy became separate kingdoms.

Otto defeated the Magyars (Hungarians) ending their incursions into Western Europe. With the prestige that came from this, he established a firm control over fractious Germany. Fights fights between its princes had previously made royal authority weak. Otto then conquered the kingdom of Italy, which reestablished the empire. The Holy Roman Empire did not include West Francia, which remained separate.

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