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Germany has existed in many forms, the earliest government directly associated with Germanic people was the Holy Roman Empire (962CE). This confederation of states existed in many forms until 1806. The states fell apart but were mostly reunified by 1871.

The period between 1914 and 1949 is complex and beyond the scope of a simple answer. After WWII, the Soviets and the USA spit the 'protection' of Germany into halves. The Federal Republic of 1949 is usually viewed as the government of Germany since the Soviet half was a puppet state. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the destruction of the Berlin Wall Germany was reunified. This most Recent incarnation of Germany started the 3rd of October 1990.

Italy also has a long history. The earliest recordings show a government around the 8th century BCE. This was the roots of what would become the Great Roman Empire. After much turmoil, the empire finally dissolved in 285CE.

Over the next millennium and a half Italy existed as a broken assembly of city-states. These states were conquered and reformed by outsiders and neighbors. In 1816 Italy began a process of reunification through politics and ultimately war with the Austrian Empire. The kingdom of Italy officially came into existence in 1861.

After the chaos of WWII the Italian people adopted a democratic form of government. The last king of Italy, Umberto II, abdicated 12 June 1946 starting the present Republic of Italy.

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