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Philip II sent his close friend, the Duke of Alba, to put an end to Protestantism (b/c he [Philip] was unwilling to tolerate any type of religious diversity in 1566) in the Netherlands. Alba's heavy-handed measures led to the execution of thousands of Protestants.

Eventually in 1576, under the leadership of William, Prince of Orange, the Seventeen Provinces united to overthrow Spanish rule. The war resulted in the formation of the Dutch Republic in 1581, which consisted of 7 Protestant provinces in the northern region of the Netherlands. The southern Roman Catholic provinces submitted to Spanish control, eventually becoming the country of Belgium.

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