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First, the Qing dynasty entered a long period of decline. Burdened with high taxes and limited land, the increasing peasant population had a hard time growing enough food to survive. When floods and droughts caused famine, peasant revolts broke out.

Second, the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe. The Industrial Revolution increased the military power of European nations. With modern fleets, these strong nations could reach distant places. The British use their military strength to back their demands for expanded trading rights with China

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