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Mahinda's greatest contribution to Sri Lanka's history is his role in the introduction and establishment of Buddhism on the island during the 3rd century BCE. As the son of Emperor Ashoka of India, he is credited with bringing the teachings of the Buddha to Sri Lanka, which significantly shaped the island's culture, values, and societal structure. This led to the development of a rich tradition of Buddhist scholarship and architecture, influencing the spiritual and political landscape of Sri Lanka for centuries. Mahinda's mission fostered a sense of national identity tied to Buddhism, which remains a central aspect of Sri Lankan culture today.

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