Northern Italy was largely freed from Austrian rule through the efforts of key figures such as Giuseppe Garibaldi and Count Camillo di Cavour during the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859. The conflict was marked by the decisive victories of Italian forces, supported by France, against Austria. The unification movement, known as the Risorgimento, ultimately led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.
Louis Kossuth
Ernest Hemingway
Germanyand northern Italy
Simón Bolivar
The Italian people harbored negative feelings towards Austria, because of pre-existing conditions and because of failed revolutions in 1848.Much of north Italy was under the rule of the Habsburg Austrian Empire. Much of south Italy was under the rule of the Bourbon monarchs from France. Foreign rule was disadvantageous culturally, economically, and politically. For example, the Italian island of Sardinia was free of Austrian and French rule. It had control over its cultural expressions, economic health, and political structures. It therefore was a startling contrast to the Austrian and French arms, banks, languages, and politics that ruled over the Italian peninsula and the Italian island of Sicily.
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The form of government the Romans had set up after they freed themselves from Estrucan rule was a Republic.
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San Martin
The Risorgimento was a 19th-century movement aimed at the unification of Italy, which was fragmented into various states and kingdoms. Its purpose was to promote national identity and independence from foreign rule, particularly Austrian influence in northern Italy. Key figures, such as Giuseppe Garibaldi and Count Camillo di Cavour, played crucial roles in political and military efforts that ultimately led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. The movement emphasized the ideals of nationalism, liberalism, and social reform.