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Short answer:

The pronunciation of English, in particular of English vowels, has changed a great deal since the correct spelling of English words was established.

Longer answer:

Over thousands of years, every time there was a war or persecution in Europe the losers fled to the edges of Europe. Many of them made it across the North Sea and the English Channel to the British Isles. And they brought their language and spellings with them. These gradually were added to the English language. This is why English is such a hotch potch of words made up from Anglo saxon, Old German, Old French, Norse, Norman, Latin and Greek and many others.

Plow is a nice example. From 1100 AD it was spelled "plow" in England (from the German "Pflug"), and that spelling went over to America. Around the same time people were using the spelling "plough" (from Middle English plouh, plugh plughe, plough ploughe), which is the common spelling in England today.

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