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Affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

Employers subject to Title VII are PROHIBITED from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. AA is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. The employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then STOP, ending its AA efforts.

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What argument do critics of affirmative action often make?

Critics often make the argument that affirmative action is unconstitutional.


What was an unintended outcome of affirmative action?

reverse discrimination


How many states ban affirmative action?

5


Whose administration formally established affirmative action?

nixon


Should Affirmative Action be eliminated?

Affirmative action, otherwise known as "reverse-discrimination", is a policy that effectively discriminates against certain groups for the benefit of other groups. The intent of such a policy is to "even the playing field." The actual result, however, is that less qualified individuals unfairly gain access to employment, education, groups, etc at the expense of more qualified individuals. But this does not even begin to address the true underpinnings of discrimination. The result of affirmative action, or discrimination, is that those in the "target" groups that affirmative action is supposed to help might obtain credentials that are then questioned (fairly or unfairly) but others who wonder if their success was a product of talent and hard-work or of government-sponsorsored discrimination - ie affirmative action. So, the result is that affirmative action actually LEADS to stereotyping, the underpinning of discrimination. Affirmative Action should absolutely be eliminated. Fairness is not unilateral - the only way to address problems of discrimination is by even-ing the playing field for all. Education and free markets are the solution.