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Serfdom originated in medieval Europe as a response to the socio-economic conditions following the decline of the Roman Empire. As centralized authority weakened, landowners began to rely on peasants to cultivate their lands in exchange for protection and a small plot for subsistence. This arrangement evolved into a system where serfs were bound to the land and subject to the will of their lords, losing many personal freedoms. Over the centuries, serfdom became institutionalized, particularly in Eastern Europe, before gradually declining with the rise of capitalism and changes in agricultural practices.

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