The difference between max232 and rs232 is the voltage levels of the rs232 are high. In order to reduce those voltage means to convert those voltage levels to TTL logic levels we use max232 integrated chip which is a dual driver/ receiver.
The process is used by all the payment companies and banks for secure data transfer.The information once sent through network can be hacked in and leaked.The process to protect that is called Encryption.The Encryption are of different levels like 72 bit 128 bit.
there are more then 30 levels!! i know that for sure :)
Protocols levels
28 i think and they are called stages
At substations, the voltage of electricity is either stepped up or stepped down depending on its application. They serve as an intermediate point between the power generation plants and the consumers' electrical distribution system. Substations also provide various protection and control mechanisms to ensure the reliable and efficient transmission and distribution of electricity.
Transformers are necessary to stepup or stepdown voltage levels so that transmission of power is convenient. without stepup/stepdown voltage level according to our requirement losses will be very high and transmission and usage of power is not feasible.
CSA C235-83-CAN3 Preferred Voltage Levels for AC Systems, 0 to 50,000 V Electric Power Transmission and Distribution
Voltage isn't "shipped", really. Generator terminal voltage is typically in the range of 10-30kV; they are connected to the bulk electric system by step up transformers that convert this 10-30kV into voltage in excess of 100kV for power transmission. Near your home, this voltage is again stepped down to sub transmission voltage levels, then distribution voltage levels. The small power lines near your home are probably distribution level power lines (often 2 - 20kV); these will have a center tapped step down transformer to connect your home, at 120volts, to the grid.
number of finite voltage levels
The use of transmission gates eliminates the undesirable threshold voltage effects which give rise to loss of logic levels in pass transistor logic.
Step up transformers are used whenever you want to increase the magnitude of an A.C. voltage. For example, the voltage produced by a generator at a power station is far too low (11 - 25 kV) for the transmission of electrical energy, so a step-up transformer must be used to increase that voltage to transmission levels (e.g. up to 400 kV in the UK).
Actually they just stay there. Seriously, power lines start from a power station (thermal, hydel, nuclear, etc.) and extend to consuption areas. major Substations in say (a state) is connected to substations in towns or town areas. There can be several levels of substations. From the lowest level substation the lines connect to houses, offices, commercial entities, etc.
Generation: Electricity is generated at power plants, which can use various energy sources such as coal, natural gas, nuclear, hydroelectric, wind, or solar power. These power plants produce high-voltage electricity. Step-up Transformer: Before distribution, the electricity is typically passed through a step-up transformer to increase its voltage. Higher voltage transmission reduces energy loss during long-distance transportation. Transmission: The high-voltage electricity is transmitted through a network of high-voltage power lines and substations. These power lines can span long distances, carrying electricity from the power plants to regional distribution centers. Step-down Transformer: At substations located closer to residential and commercial areas, the voltage is reduced through step-down transformers. This process lowers the voltage to a level suitable for distribution to homes and businesses. Distribution Lines: Lower-voltage electricity is then distributed through a network of power lines and transformers at the local level. These distribution lines typically consist of overhead wires or underground cables. Distribution Transformers: Near or within residential and commercial areas, distribution transformers further reduce the voltage to levels suitable for household use, typically 120/240 volts in North America or 230 volts in many other parts of the world. Service Lines: From the distribution transformers, electricity is sent through service lines to individual homes and businesses. These service lines connect to the main electrical panel or meter at each building.
Yes; in electronics, the former is used to regulate voltage levels while modulators combine frequencies for the purpose of data transmission.
Scroll down to related links and look at "Conversion Voltage V to voltage level Lu and LV - Decibel (dB) level conversion to volt ".
Step-up Transformers used in the transmission of electrical energy increase the voltage going over Transmission Lines (over 100,000 Volts). For a given amount of POWER to be Transmitted, the higher the Voltage, the LOWER the CURRENT. This reduces the amount of Power LOST to the Resistance of the Transmission Lines. Power Lost is calculated by the Formula: POWER Lost = I2 x R, where I=Current and R=Resistance So, the lower the Current (I), the lower the transmission line losses. At the end of the Transmission Path the Voltage is "Stepped Down" to a value usable for the Customer, usually (220 volts for Residential use in the USA).