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The relationship is rather confusing and is best summarized as "the enemy of my enemy is my friend except on Fridays when he is my enemy too". ISIL, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, is an Sunni Islamist group, which means that their end-goal is the creation of a singular state ruled by a strict interpretation of Shari'a Law with a preference for Sunnis over Shiites. By contrast, the Iraqi Ba'ath Party is a Sunni Secularist group, which means that their end-goal is the creation of a singular state ruled without regard to religion with a preference for Sunnis over Shiites. Both groups, therefore oppose the current government which is a Shiite Moralistic government, which means that it allows religion to have an active state in government affairs but is not bound by it (a mentality between Secularism and Islamism) and has a preference of Shiites over Sunnis.

As a result, both ISIL and the Iraqi Ba'ath Party oppose this current government, but are also very wary of each other. Regardless, they hammered out an alliance in May of 2014 and their combined efforts (although ISIL was more powerful) brought down a number of Iraqi cities like Mosul, Tikrit, Basih, and Samarra. However, the differences between the groups (Islamism vs. Secularism) are beginning to strain the alliance, especially as ISIL is trying to create a rigid Shari'a compliant government and the Ba'athists are disinterested. It is likely that infighting will begin soon, with serious altercations happening as early as late August or early September.

UPDATE: As of early 2015, most of the Ba'athists have been killed or removed by Islamic State. The infighting between the group has effectively become slaughter for those Ba'athists that have not abandoned their ideals and simply become part of Islamic State.

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Q: What is the relationship between the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and Iraqi Ba'ath Party?
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