allspice

Allspice
Allspice
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Myrtales
Family:	Myrtaceae
Genus:	Pimenta
Species:	P. dioica
Binomial name
Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr.

Allspice, also called Jamaica pepper, kurundu, myrtle pepper, pimenta,^[1] or newspice, is a spice which is the dried unripe fruit ("berries") of Pimenta dioica , a mid-canopy tree native to the Greater Antilles, southern Mexico and Central America, now cultivated in many warm parts of the world.^[2] The name "allspice" was coined as early as 1621 by the English, who thought it combined the flavour of cinnamon, nutmeg and cloves.^[3]

Several unrelated fragrant shrubs are called "Carolina allspice" (Calycanthus floridus), "Japanese allspice" (Chimonathus fragrans) or "Wild allspice" (Lindera benzoin). Allspice is also sometimes used to refer to the herb Costmary (Tanacetum balsamita).

Preparation/form

Ground allspice is not, as some people believe, a mixture of spices. Rather, it is the dried fruit of the Pimenta dioica plant. The fruit is picked when it is green and unripe and, traditionally, dried in the sun. When dry, the fruits are brown and resemble large brown peppercorns. The whole fruits have a longer shelf life than the powdered product and produce a more aromatic product when freshly ground before use.

Pimenta dioica leaves in Goa, India.

The leaves of the allspice plant are also used in Island cooking. For cooking, fresh leaves are used where available: they are similar in texture to bay leaves and are thus infused during cooking and then removed before serving. Unlike bay leaves, they lose much flavour when dried and stored and so do not figure in commerce. The leaves and wood are often used for smoking meats where allspice is a local crop. Allspice can also be found in essential oil form.

Allspice is one of the most important ingredients of Caribbean cuisine. It is used in Caribbean jerk seasoning (the wood is used to smoke jerk in Jamaica, although the spice is a good substitute), in mole sauces, and in pickling; it is also an ingredient in commercial sausage preparations and curry powders. Allspice is also indispensable in Middle Eastern cuisine, particularly in the Levant, where it is used to flavor a variety of stews and meat dishes. In Palestinian cuisine, for example, many main dishes call for allspice as the sole spice added for flavoring. In America, it is used mostly in desserts, but it is also responsible for giving Cincinnati-style chili its distinctive aroma and flavor. Allspice is commonly used in Great Britain and appears in many dishes, including cakes. Even in many countries where allspice is not very popular in the household, such as Germany, it is used in large amounts by commercial sausage makers. Allspice is also a main flavor used in barbecue sauces.^{[citation needed]} In the West Indies, an allspice liqueur called "pimento dram" is produced.

Allspice has also been used as a deodorant. Volatile oils found in the plant contain eugenol, a weak antimicrobial agent,^[4] Allspice is also reported to provide relief for indigestion and gas.^[5]

Cultivation

Allspice is a small scrubby tree, quite similar to the Bay Laurel in size and form. It can be grown outdoors in the tropics and subtropics with normal garden soil and watering. Smaller plants can be killed by frost, although larger plants are more tolerant. It adapts well to container culture and can be kept as a houseplant or in a greenhouse. The plant is dioecious, meaning plants are either male or female and hence male and female plants must be kept in proximity in order to allow fruits to develop.

To protect the pimenta trade the plant was guarded against export from Jamaica. It is reported that many attempts were made at growing the pimenta from seeds, all failed. At one time it was thought that the plant would grow nowhere else except in Jamaica where the plant was readily spread by birds.^[6] Experiments were then performed using the constituents of bird droppings, however these were also totally unsuccessful. Eventually it was realized that passage through the avian gut, either the acidity or the elevated temperature, was essential for germinating the seeds.

International naming

Arabic: فلفل إفرنجي (filfil ifranjī, 'Frankish pepper'^[7]) or فلفل حلو (filfil ḥulw, 'sweet pepper')
Bangla: Kababchini
Bulgarian: бахар (bakhar)
Chinese: 多香果 (duoxiangguo), 众香子 (zhongxiangzi), or 牙买加胡椒 (yamaijia hujiao)
Czech: nové koření ('new spice')
Danish: allehånde
Dutch: piment
Estonian: vürts ('vürtspipar')
Farsi: فلفل فرنگى شيرين (felfel farangi (shirin) 'foreign peper (sweet)')
Finnish: maustepippuri ('spice pepper')
French: Piment de la Jamaïque, Quatre-épices
German: Piment, Allgewürz ('all-spice'), or Nelkenpfeffer ('clove pepper')
Greek: Μπαχάρι (bahari, 'spice')
Haitian Creole: bwa pwav
Hebrew: פלפל אנגלי ('English pepper')^[8]
Hungarian: szegfűbors ('clove pepper')
Icelandic: allrahanda ('of all hands')
Italian: Pepe giamaicano
Lithuanian: kvapusis pipiras ('fragrant pepper')
Macedonian: пименто (pimento)
Norwegian: allehånde
Polish: ziele angielskie ('English herb')
Portuguese: pimenta-da-Jamaica (Jamaican pepper)
Romanian: ienibahar
Russian: перец душистый (perets dushistyy, 'fragrant pepper')
Slovak: nové korenie ('new spice')
Spanish (Dominican Republic): malagueta
Spanish (Ecuadorian): pimienta dulce
Spanish (Mexican): pimienta gorda ('fat pepper')
Spanish (Venezuelan): pimienta guayabita
Swedish: kryddpeppar ('spice pepper')
Turkish: yeni bahar ('new spice')
Ukrainian: перець духмяний (perets′ dukhmyaniy)
Welsh: Pupur Jamaica ('Jamaican Pepper')

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pimenta dioica

Wikispecies has information related to: Pimenta dioica

External links

• Pimenta dioica at Floridata Plant Encyclopedia (an excellent reference)
• Pimenta dioica at The Herb Society of America
• Pimenta doica at Plants of Hawaii
• Allspice at Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages
• Allspice at Trade Winds Fruit
• Allspice From The Encyclopedia of Spices