Glasgow

 

(glăs'gō, –kō, glăz'gō) , city (1991 pop. 688,500) and council area, S central Scotland, on the river Clyde. Glasgow is Scotland's leading seaport and largest city and is the center of the great Clydeside industrial belt. Once known for its large shipyards, metalworks, and engineering works, Glasgow's manufactured products now include electronic equipment, computers, chemicals, carpets, textiles, tobacco, and machine tools. Printing, engineering, and tourism are also important. Plagued by widespread slums, the city began a rebuilding program in the late 1950s. Many small companies have moved into industrial parks in surrounding new towns, which has decreased congestion in the inner city. It is connected to London and Edinburgh by rail and has bus and subway systems and an international airport.

Glasgow was founded in the late 6th cent. by St. Mungo (St. Kentigern), who is remembered in the city's arms and motto. The battle of Langside (1568) was fought in what is now a suburb. Glasgow's modern commercial growth began with the American tobacco trade in the 18th cent. and the cotton trade in the early 19th cent. Its proximity to the Lanarkshire coal fields and location on the Clyde (first deepened at Glasgow in 1768) aided its development as an industrial center during the mid-19th cent. By the 1990s Glasgow had largely rid itself of its image as a slum-ridden, unpleasant city by emphasizing its cultural attributes.

Points of interest include St. Mungo's Cathedral (mostly 13th cent.); Kelvingrove Art Galleries and Museum; the Hunterian Art Gallery (at Glasgow Univ., est. 1807); the Provand's Lordship (Glasgow's oldest house, built 1471); the Museum of Transport; the Burrell Museum; the Lighthouse, an architecture, design, and urban planning center; and Norman Foster's Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre (1984), popularly known as the “armadillo.” Glasgow was the center of a school of realistic art in the late 19th cent. and the home of the architect and designer Charles Rennie Mackintosh, who designed the Glasgow School of Art and Queen's Cross Church. Educational institutions include the Univ. of Glasgow (1451), the Univ. of Strathclyde, Glasgow Caledonian Univ., and a 17th-century public school.

Glasgow Gaelic - Glaschu Scots - Glesca, Glesga
Area[3]	sq mi ({{formatnum:175.5 km²}})
Population	578,790 (2001 Census)
- Density	/sq mi (/km²)
Urban Population[1]	1,171,390
Language	English
OS grid reference	NS590655
- Edinburgh	mi ( km)[2]
Council area	Glasgow City Council
Lieutenancy area	Glasgow
Constituent country	Scotland
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	GLASGOW
Postcode district	G1–G80
Dialling code	0141
Vehicle code	SA-SJ
Police	Strathclyde
Fire	Strathclyde
Ambulance	Scottish
Scottish Parliament	Glasgow
	Glasgow Anniesland
	Glasgow Baillieston
	Glasgow Cathcart
	Glasgow Govan
	Glasgow Kelvin
	Glasgow Maryhill
	Glasgow Pollok
	Glasgow Rutherglen
	Glasgow Shettleston
UK Parliament	Glasgow Central
	Glasgow East
	Glasgow North
	Glasgow North East
	Glasgow North West
	Glasgow South
	Glasgow South West
European Parliament	Scotland
Website: www.glasgow.gov.uk
List of places: UK • Scotland • Glasgow

Coordinates: 55°′″N 4°′″W / 55.858, -4.259

Glasgow (Glaschu in Gaelic meaning "dear green place"; or Glesca/Glesga in Scots) is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom. The City of Glasgow is the most populous unitary authority area. It is situated on the River Clyde in the country's west central lowlands. A person from Glasgow is known as a Glaswegian. Glaswegian is also the name of the local dialect.

Glasgow grew from the medieval Bishopric of Glasgow and the later establishment of the University of Glasgow, which contributed to the Scottish Enlightenment. From the 18th century the city became one of Europe's main hubs of transatlantic trade with the Americas. With the Industrial Revolution, the city and surrounding region grew to become one of the world's pre-eminent centres of engineering and shipbuilding,^[4] constructing many revolutionary and famous vessels. Glasgow was known as the "Second City of the British Empire" in the Victorian era.^[5] Today it is one of Europe's top twenty financial centres and is home to many of Scotland's leading businesses.^[6]

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew to a population of over one million,^[7] and was the fourth-largest city in Europe, after London, Paris and Berlin.^[8] In the 1960s large-scale relocation to new towns in the suburban area of the city, followed by successive boundary changes, have reduced the current population of the City of Glasgow unitary authority area to 578,790.^[9] 1,171,390 people live in the Greater Glasgow Urban Area based on the 2001 census.^[1] The entire Glasgow conurbation covers approximately 2.3 million people, almost half of Scotland's population.^[10]

History

Main article: History of Glasgow

The present site of Glasgow has been used since prehistoric times for settlement due to it being the forded point of the River Clyde furthest downstream, which also provided a natural area for salmon fishing. The origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotland's second largest bishopric. Glasgow became important in the 12th century as the site of this bishopric, reorganized by King David I of Scotland and John, Bishop of Glasgow. There had been an earlier religious site established by Saint Kentigern. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth and status to the town. Somewhere between 1175 and 1178 this position was strengthened even further when Bishop Jocelin obtained for the episcopal settlement the status of burgh from King William the Lion, allowing the settlement to expand with the benefits of trading monopolies and other legal guarantees. Sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives to this day as the Glasgow Fair.

Glasgow grew over the following centuries, and the founding of the University of Glasgow in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to an archbishopric in 1492 increasing the town's religious and educational status.

After the Acts of Union in 1707, Scotland gained trading access to the vast markets of the British Empire and Glasgow became prominent in international commerce as a hub of trade to the Americas, especially in the movement of tobacco, cotton and sugar into the deep water port that had been created by city merchants at Port Glasgow. Many of Glasgow's streets, including Glassford Street and Buchanan Street, are named after local tobacco traders who grew rich from goods produced by slave labour in the American Colonies until the American War of Independence (after which the merchants concentrated mainly on the West Indies).^[11]

Daniel Defoe visited the city in the early 18th century and famously opined in his book A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain, that Glasgow was "the cleanest, most beautiful and best built City in Britain, London excepted". At that time, the city's population numbered approximately 12,000, and was yet to undergo the massive changes to the city's economy and urban fabric, brought about by the influences of the Scottish Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution.

In its subsequent industrial era, Glasgow produced textiles, engineered goods and steel, which were exported. The opening of the Monkland Canal in 1791, facilitated access to the Iron-ore and Coal mines in Lanarkshire. After extensive engineering projects to dredge and deepen the Clyde, Shipbuilding became a major industry on the upper stretches of the river, building many famous ships including the Cunard liners RMS Lusitania, RMS Aquitania, RMS Queen Mary, RMS Queen Elizabeth, RMS Queen Elizabeth 2, and the Royal Yacht Britannia. Glasgow's population had surpassed that of Edinburgh by 1821. By the end of the 19th century the city was known as the "Second City of the Empire" and was producing most of the ships and locomotives in the world. During this period, the construction of many of the city's greatest architectural masterpieces and most ambitious civic projects were being funded by its wealth.

The city experienced mixed fortunes during 20th century. After World War I, the city suffered from the impact of the Post-World War I recession and from the later Great Depression, this also led to a rise of radical socialism and the "Red Clydeside" movement. The city had recovered by the outbreak of the Second World War and grew through the post-war boom that lasted through the 1950s. However by the 1960s, a lack of investment and innovation led to growing overseas competition in countries like Japan and Germany which weakened the once pre-eminent position of many of the city's industries. As a result of this, Glasgow entered a long running period of relative economic malaise, leading to high unemployment, urban decay, population decline and poor health for the city's inhabitants. There were active attempts at regeneration of the city, when the Glasgow Corporation published its controversial Bruce Report which set out a comprehensive series of initiatives aimed at turning round the decline of the city. There are also accusations that the Scottish Office had deliberately attempted to undermine Glasgow's economic and political influence in post-war Scotland by preventing the creation of new industries and creating the new towns of Cumbernauld, Glenrothes, Irvine, Livingston and East Kilbride, dispersed across the Scottish Lowlands, in order to half the city's population base. ^[12]

By the 1990s, there had been a significant resurgence in Glasgow's economic fortunes however, finding a new role as a European centre for business services and finance, as well as benefiting from an increase in tourism and inward investment. The latter is largely due to the legacy of the city's status as European City of Culture in 1990, and attempts to diversify the city's economy. This economic revival has continued and the ongoing regeneration of inner-city areas has led to people moving back to live in the centre of Glasgow.

Toponymy

It is common to derive the name Glasgow from the older Brythonic glas cau or a Middle Gaelic cognate, which would have meant green hollow. The settlement probably had an earlier Cumbric name, Cathures; the modern name appears for the first time in the Gaelic period (1116), as Glasgu. However, it is also recorded that the King of Strathclyde, Rhydderch Hael, welcomed Saint Kentigern (also known as Saint Mungo), and procured his consecration as bishop about 540. For some thirteen years Kentigern laboured in the region, building his church at the Molendinar Burn, and making many converts. A large community developed around him and became known as Glasgu (meaning the dear Green or the dear green place).

Governance

See also: Politics of Glasgow

Glasgow has a long history of supporting socialist ideas and politics. The city council has been controlled by the Labour Party for 30 years, after the decline of the Progressives. Its socialist roots emanate from the city's days as an industrial powerhouse, and endure through the relative poverty of many Glaswegians. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution and the Easter Rising, the city's frequent strikes and revolutionary fervour caused serious alarm at Westminster, with one uprising in January 1919 prompting the Prime Minister, David Lloyd George to deploy 10,000 troops and tanks onto the city's streets. A huge demonstration in the city's George Square on January 31 ended in violence after the Riot Act was read.

Later, industrial action at the shipyards gave rise to the "Red Clydeside" tag. During the 1930s, Glasgow was the main base of the Independent Labour Party. Towards the end of the 20th century it became a centre of the struggle against the poll tax, and then the main base of the Scottish Socialist Party, a left wing party in Scotland.

Scottish Parliament region

See also: Glasgow Scottish Parliament region

The Glasgow electoral region of the Scottish Parliament covers the Glasgow City council area, the Rutherglen area of the South Lanarkshire and a small eastern portion of Renfrewshire. It elects ten of the parliament's 73 first past the post constituency members and seven of the 56 additional members. Both kinds of member are known as Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs). The system of election is designed to produce a form of proportional representation.

The first past the post seats were created in 1999 with the names and boundaries of then existing Westminster (House of Commons) constituencies. In 2005, however, the number of Westminster Members of Parliament (MPs) representing Scotland was cut to 59, with new constituencies being formed, while the existing number of MSPs was retained at Holyrood.

The ten Scottish Parliament constituencies in the Glasgow electoral region are:-

• Glasgow Anniesland
• Glasgow Baillieston
• Glasgow Cathcart
• Glasgow Govan
• Glasgow Kelvin
• Glasgow Maryhill
• Glasgow Pollok
• Glasgow Rutherglen
• Glasgow Shettleston
• Glasgow Springburn

United Kingdom Parliament constituencies

See also: United Kingdom constituencies

Following reform of constituencies of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom Parliament (Westminster) in 2005, which reduced the number of Scottish Members of Parliament (MPs), the current Westminster constituencies representing Glasgow are:-

• Glasgow Central
• Glasgow East
• Glasgow North
• Glasgow North East
• Glasgow North West
• Glasgow South
• Glasgow South West

Heraldry

The coat of arms of the City of Glasgow, as granted to the royal burgh by the Lord Lyon on October 25, 1866.^[13] It incorporates a number of symbols and emblems associated with the life of Glasgow's patron saint, Kentigern (often known by his nickname, Mungo) which had been used on official seals prior to that date. The emblems represent miracles supposed to have been performed by Mungo and are listed in the traditional rhyme:

Here's the bird that never flew

Here's the tree that never grew

Here's the bell that never rang

Here's the fish that never swam

Kentigern is also said to have preached a sermon containing the words Lord, Let Glasgow flourish by the preaching of the word and the praising of thy name. This was abbreviated to "Let Glasgow Flourish" and adopted as the city's motto. The motto was more recently commemorated in a song called "Mother Glasgow", which was actually written by Dundonian singer/songwriter Michael Marra, but popularised by Hue and Cry.

In 1450, John Stewart, the first Lord Provost of Glasgow, left an endowment so that a "St Mungo's Bell" could be made and tolled throughout the city so that the citizens would pray for his soul. A new bell was purchased by the magistrates in 1641 and that bell is still on display in the People's Palace Museum, near Glasgow Green.

The supporters are two salmon bearing rings, and the crest is a half length figure of Saint Mungo. He wears a bishop's mitre and liturgical vestments and has his hand raised in "the act of benediction". The original 1866 grant placed the crest atop a helm, but this was removed in subsequent grants. The current version (1996) has a gold mural crown between the shield and the crest. This form of coronet, resembling an embattled city wall, was allowed to the four area councils with city status.

The arms were rematriculated by the City of Glasgow District Council on February 6, 1975, and by the present area council on March 25, 1996. The only change made on each occasion was in the type of coronet over the arms.^[14][15]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Glasgow

Glasgow is located on the banks of the River Clyde, in West Central Scotland.

Climate

Weather in Glasgow is not typical of the weather in the rest of Scotland for several reasons. Glasgow benefits from its mild south western position; the Gulf Stream currents flow up the Clyde estuary from the Atlantic warming the entire region. The city is also sheltered by the surrounding Clyde Valley hills keeping the city fairly humid throughout the year. The temperature is often milder than the rest of the country. In general, the temperature in Glasgow is around the same as that in the North of England. In Scotland the weather is more likely to change from a rain storm to a heatwave in the same day.

Spring months (March to May) are mild and cool. Many of Glasgow's trees and plants begin to flower at this time of the year and parks and gardens are filled with spring colours.

The summer months (May to September) can vary considerably between mild and wet weather or warm and sunny. The winds are generally westerly, due to the warm Gulf Stream. The warmest month is usually July, the daily high averaging  °C ( °F). (Highest recorded temperature  °C/ °F Glasgow July 2006.)

Despite some infrequent clear or dry days, winters in Glasgow are normally damp and cold. However, the Gulf Stream ensures that Glasgow stays warmer than other cities at the same latitude, like Moscow. Winds and rainfall are often fairly chilling and strong, like the rest of western Scotland. Severe snowfalls are infrequent and melt within days. December, January and February are the wettest months of the year, but can often be sunny and clear.

Weather averages for Glasgow
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Average high °C	6	7	8	11	15	17	20	18	16	12	9	7
Average low °C	1	1	2	3	6	9	11	11	8	6	3	2
Precipitation mm	86.9	79	74.4	46.5	33.5	38.6	49.5	52.6	56.6	84.8	66.5	74.9
Average high °F	43	45	46	52	59	63	68	64	61	54	48	45
Average low °F	34	34	36	37	43	48	52	52	46	43	37	36
Precipitation inch	3.42	3.11	2.93	1.83	1.32	1.52	1.95	2.07	2.23	3.34	2.62	2.95
Source: weather.com [16] 9 Oct 2007
Source #2: msn weather [17] 9 Oct 2007

Demography

Main article: Geography of Glasgow#Demographics

The population of the Glasgow City Council area peaked in the 1950s at 1,200,000 people and before that for 80 years was over 1 million. During this period, Glasgow was one of the most densely populated cities in the world. After the 1960s, clearings of poverty-stricken inner city areas like the Gorbals and relocation to 'new towns' such as East Kilbride and Cumbernauld led to population decline. In addition, successive boundary changes by the Scottish Office and UK governments reduced the official city boundaries (and hence the official population) making direct comparisons difficult. The city continues to expand beyond the official city council boundaries into surrounding suburban areas, encompassing around  square kilometres ( sq mi) if all adjoining suburbs, commuter towns and villages are included.

There are two distinct definitions for the population of Glasgow; the Glasgow City Council Area (which lost the districts of Rutherglen and Cambuslang to South Lanarkshire in 1996) and the Greater Glasgow Urban Area which includes the urban conurbation around the city.

From the 1840s till the mid-1960s, Glasgow became home to many Irish. principally from the counties of Donegal, Tyrone, Fermanagh, Sligo and Mayo. Many Highlanders also migrated to the city as a result of the Highland Clearances.

Prior to 1914 many Lithuanian asylum seekers settled in Glasgow and at its height in the 1950s there were around 10,000 in the Glasgow area.^[18] Many Italian-Scots also settled in Glasgow, originating from areas like Frosinone and Lucca at this time, many originally working as "Hokey Pokey" men.^[19] In the 1960s and '70s, many Asian-Scots also settled in Glasgow, mainly in the Pollokshields area as well as Cantonese immigrants, many of whom settled in the Garnethill area of the city. Since 2000, the UK government has pursued a policy of dispersal of asylum seekers to ease pressure on social housing in the London area. Glasgow has seen waves of new arrivals because of this policy, though not always smoothly in some districts. At first there was heavily publicised resentment from the established local population, and the policy looked to have failed, particularly when several hundred refugees left Glasgow voluntarily to make their own way back to London following a couple of high profile murders.

Location	Population	Area	Density
Glasgow City Council[9]	578,790	sq mi ( km²)	/sq mi (/km²)
Greater Glasgow Urban Area[20]	1,168,270	sq mi ( km²)	/sq mi (/km²)
Source: Scotland's Census Results Online[21]

Since the 2001 census the population decline has stabilised. The 2004 population of the city council area was 685,090 and the population of both the City of Glasgow Council area and Greater Glasgow are forecast to grow in the near future. Around 2,300,000 people live in the Glasgow travel to work area.^[10] This area is defined as having 10% and over of residents travelling into Glasgow to work, and has no fixed boundaries.^[22]

Compared to Inner London, which has  inhabitants per square mile (/km²)^[23], Scotland's major city has less than half the current population density of the English capital— inhabitants per square mile (/km²). However, in 1931 the population density was  inhabitants per square mile (/km²), highlighting the subsequent 'clearances' to the suburbs and new towns that were built to empty one of Europe's most densely populated cities.^[24]

Economy

Glasgow is the largest and most dynamic economy in Scotland and is at the hub of the metropolitan area of West Central Scotland. The city itself sustains more than 410,000 jobs in over 12,000 companies. Over 153,000 jobs have been created in the city since 2000 - a growth rate of 32%.^[25] Glasgow's annual economic growth rate of 4.4% is now second only to that of London. In 2005 alone over 17,000 new jobs were created, and 2006 saw private-sector investment in the city reaching £4.2 billion pounds, an increase of 22% in a single year.^[26] The city has outstripped many of its European rivals in terms of economic growth. 55% of the residents in the Greater Glasgow area commute to the city every day. Once dominant manufacturing industries such as shipbuilding and heavy engineering have been gradually replaced in importance by a mixed economy.^[27]

Glasgow's economy has seen significant growth of tertiary sector industries such as financial and business services, communications, biosciences, creative industries, healthcare, higher education, retail and tourism. Between 1998 and 2001, the city's financial services sector grew at a rate of 30%, making considerable gains on Edinburgh, which has historically been the centre of the Scottish financial sector.^[28][29]

The city retains a strong link to the manufacturing sector which forms the fourth largest manufacturing centre in the UK, accounting for well over 60% of Scotland's manufactured exports, with particular strengths in shipbuilding, engineering, food and drink, printing, publishing, chemicals and textiles as well as new growth sectors such as optoelectronics, software development and biotechnology. Glasgow forms the western part of the Silicon Glen high tech sector of Scotland. A growing number of Blue Chip financial sector companies have significant operations or headquarters in the city, including; Abbey, National Australia Group, Royal Bank of Scotland, HBOS, AXA, Aviva, Standard Life, JP Morgan, Morgan Stanley, Barclays Bank and Lloyds TSB. Other well established firms operating in the city, which represent other sectors of Glasgow's economy, include; Diageo, William Grant & Sons, Pernod Ricard, Whyte & Mackay, Tennent Caledonian Breweries, AG Barr, Trespass,^[30] MacFarlane Group,^[31] SMG, Halcrow, John Menzies, BAE Systems, Thales, Alstom, Linn, Rolls-Royce, Albion Automotive, Corus, British Energy, Scottish Power, Thus, Centrica, First Group, Loganair, Flyglobespan, Imperial Chemical Industries, Armitage Shanks, Jacobs Engineering Group, Norit,^[32] Weir Group, Babcock, Balfour Beatty, Arup, AMEC, and Aggreko Engineering. Glasgow-based Scottish Power is one of five Scottish companies to be included on the Fortune Global 500 rankings.^[33]

Major corporate developments have helped promote its reputation as a leading European centre for business and commerce.^[34]

Glasgow is the second most popular foreign tourist destination in Scotland and its largest retail centre. Glasgow is also one of Europe's sixteen largest financial centres and is home to many of Scotland's leading businesses.

Landmarks

Very little of medieval Glasgow remains, the two main landmarks from this period being the 14th century Provand's Lordship and St. Mungo's Cathedral. The vast majority of the city as seen today dates from the 19th century. As a result, Glasgow has an impressive heritage of Victorian architecture - the Glasgow City Chambers, the main building of the University of Glasgow, designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott and the Glasgow School of Art, designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh are outstanding examples. Another architect who had an enduring impact on the city's appearance was Alexander Thomson, who produced a distinctive architecture based on fundamentalist classicism that gave him the nickname "Greek".

The buildings reflect the wealth and self confidence of the residents of the "Second City of the Empire". Glasgow generated immense wealth from trade and the industries that developed from the Industrial Revolution. The shipyards, marine engineering, steel making, and heavy industry all contributed to the growth of the city. At one time the expression "Clydebuilt" was synonymous with quality and engineering excellence.^[35] The Templeton's carpet factory on Glasgow Green was designed to resemble the Doge's Palace in Venice.

Many of the city's most impressive buildings were built with red or blond sandstone, but during the industrial era those colours disappeared under a pervasive black layer of soot and pollutants from the furnaces, until the Clean Air Act was introduced in 1956.

In recent years many of these buildings have been cleaned and restored to their original appearance. Others were demolished to make way for large, peripheral housing estates, and high-rise flats in tower blocks. The latter were built in large numbers during the 1960s and early 1970s; Glasgow has a higher concentration of high-rise buildings than any other city in the British Isles.

Tenements were built to house the workers who migrated from Ireland and the Scottish Highlands in order to feed the local demand for labour; these tenements were often overcrowded and unsanitary. Many developed into the infamous Glasgow slums, such as the notorious Gorbals. These housing estates, known as "schemes", are widely regarded as unsuccessful: many, such as Castlemilk, were just dormitories well away from the centre of the city with no amenities ("deserts wi' windaes" [deserts with windows], as Billy Connolly put it), and their establishment led to the split up of long established community relationships.^[36] Some of the high-rise developments were poorly designed and cheaply built and became magnets for crime. Over time some have become as bad as the slum areas that they replaced, though at the time of construction they were largely welcomed. On 7 March, 2003, the Glasgow Housing Association took ownership of the housing stock from the city council, and has begun a programme of demolishing the worst of the tower blocks. Still, Glasgow's skyline is largely dominated by 1960s high rise flats, many of which are being refurbished as part of a realisation that they remain an adequate and modern source of accommodation.

Modern buildings in Glasgow include the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall, and along the banks of the Clyde are the Glasgow Science Centre and the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre, whose Clyde Auditorium was designed by Sir Norman Foster, and is affectionately known as the "Armadillo". Zaha Hadid won a competition to design the new Museum of Transport, which will move to the waterfront.^[37] Shopping centres include the Buchanan Galleries, the glass pyramid of the St Enoch Centre, and the upmarket Princes' Square.

The 39-storey Elphinstone Place mixed-use skyscraper in Charing Cross will be the tallest building in Scotland, and was scheduled to begin construction in mid 2006.^[38] Much development is taking place along the banks of the Clyde. Glasgow Harbour, which neighbours Partick is one of the largest residential developments.

Divisions and suburbs

Glasgow was historically based around Glasgow Cathedral, the old High Street and down to the River Clyde via Glasgow Cross.

City centre

The city centre is bounded by the High Street to the east, the River Clyde to the south and the M8 motorway to the west and north which was built through the Townhead, Charing Cross and Anderston areas in the 1960s.