Shoura.
After the death of the Prophet (SAW), Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique (RAU) was chosen the Muslim Ruler. His title was 'The Caliph of the Rasool'. All the subsequent Caliphs were called Ameer-ul-Momineen. The title is generally called 'Caliph'.
The Muslim rulers after prophet Muhammad death in year 632 AD were called Caliphs. The first Caliph was Abou Bakr. The Caliph after death of the Caliph Abou Bakr was Omar Ibn Al-Khattab. That is why he was the second Caliph.
I think the term you are looking for is caliphate, and the ruler was called a caliph.
The territory of a Caliph is called a Caliphate.
There is no Muslim community that believes the position of Caliph should be a democratically elected leader like a President. Conversely, the SUNNI MUSLIMS argue that educated elders, representing the different sections of the community, should elect the Caliph by majority vote. However, following the ascension of Caliph Omar to power without such a vote, the Sunnis abandoned a formal voting mechanism.
The four Caliphs who ruled after prophet Muhammad death came to power through election. The election system was that the group of Muslim leaders (who are recognized with their sincerity and devotion to Islam and Muslims) select one and then the people agree on him by what is called "Mobai'a". If accepted by the majority, then he be the Caliph and all Muslims, who agreed and who didn't, will be supporting him.
Muhammad died in A.D. 632, and conflicts began in this Muslim community over who should be the caliph, or successor to the Messenger of God. A powerful group of Muslim leaders chose the new leader, but disagreements continued.
If meant by Islamic sovereign the ruler, then is named Sultan, king, president, amir, or as called before Caliph If meant Islamic religious leader, then is named Imam or Sheikh
A caliph
Muslim converts are not called "Abu Hamza". Muslim converts are called Muslims as is everyone else who follows Islam. The point of origin into the fold of Islam doesn't determine what one is called (like Abu Hamza), in the eyes of a Muslim, you are a fellow brother; a Muslim.Abu Hamza is an Arabic name/alias which means "the father of Hamza" establishing the fact that there is no co-relation between the name to Muslim converts.
The region of the Arab Peninsula, currently called Saudi Arabia. The Caliph Omar Ibn Alkhattab.
California got its name when a group of Indians were living in a small village called caliph haroon in this estate. Then when the Europeans found it they called it caliph Aaron but again later it was transformed into California.