Answer 1
in fact between Shiiah and Sunni, first believes that the household of prophet are real successors of him. according to shiite views , the succession of prophet upon hom blessing and peace to be the special right of the family of the prophet and who in the field of islamic sciences and culture follow the school of the prophet. of course a group of Zaydis who accept two caliphs before ALi and jurisprudence follow Abu-hanifah are also called shiiah becuase in contrast to the Umayyads and Abbasids, they consider the later caliphate as belonging solely to Ali and his descendants.
therefore after the death of the holy prophet, shiiah know Ali as successors of the prophet.
Answer 2
A family relation to Mohammed is only a requirement for a legitimate caliph according to Shiite Islam. Sunni Islam has historically held that family ties are irrelevant for the right to rule Ironically, no current Shiite ruler (in Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, etc.) has ever claimed to be a relative of Mohammed's. However several Sunni leaders, including the current kings of Jordan and Morocco claim that they have legitimacy from being related to Mohammed.
The Shiites believe that only descendants of prophet Muhammad (PBUH) can lead Muslims. refer to related question below.
Their human leaders are the Mullah and the Ayatolla. Their god is Allah. Their prophet is Muhammad
Ikd
They were called Khalifahs (pronounced Khaalefaas)
The rightly guided caliphs
Caliphs
Simply because they rejected His message, this happened to many Messengers before Muhammad PBUH.
there is no leader i think most ppl just do what prohet muhammad advices
Caliph (or Khalifa in Arabic)
Umayyad leaders in Mecca disliked Muhammad because his religion posed a threat to thier regime. He was forced to flee Mecca and go to Medina.
what was the importance of fort sumter in relation to the dicisions made by the key leader
there were not shia..according to sources, Mogul in the period of Akbar Shah announced Dine Ilahi as his religion. this religion is a collection of Islam, Hinduism, Christianity and even Judaism.