The Catholic Church takes its origin from Judaism and many, if not all, of the Seven Sacraments of the Catholic Church have roots in Judaic practices and Scripture.
If you are still young, you can attend classes called CCD. If you are in adulthood, most Catholic churches offer RCIA (The Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults) classes which take you through the main sacraments.
The official language of the liturgy and the sacraments in the Catholic Church depends upon your rite. For instance, if you belong to the Latin rite, all of the sacraments, officially, are in Latin. If you belong to the Maronite Rite, all the sacraments are in Aramaic; the Greek rite would be in Greek, etc. However, the Latin Rite of the Church (the largest) is in an odd position, as, under indult, they may celebrate the sacraments in a translation in their native tongue. Those of the Latin Rite in England and the United States hear Mass in English. In South America and Spain, they hear Mass in Spanish (except in Brazil, which is in Portugese), etc.
No, baptism in the Catholic Church automatically means that you are bound to all the laws of the Rite in which you are baptized. Orthodox Churches are in schism, however, there is a Catholic Rite for each of the Orthodox Churches. When the Orthodox split, half of them remained with the Catholic Church, so there is a Greek Uniate Rite as well as a Greek Orthodox Church. A Catholic has no problem with going to the sacraments in another Rite.
The rite of celebrating the listing of names of catechumens preparing for the Sacraments of Initiation is the Rite of Election.
RCIA, rite of christian initiation for adults, it usually begins in the fall and is concluded with a completion of sacraments given at easter vigil.
.Roman Catholic AnswerThe ministers of the Chaldean Rite are all Catholic Bishops, Priests, and Deacons. The Chaldean Rite is part of the Catholic Church.
.Catholic AnswerThere is no "rite of sacramental disposition", I believe that you may be asking about the disposition for the valid reception of the sacraments. For instance, the state of grace (being free from serious sin, having received the rite of penance) is required to receive the Most Holy Eucharist at Mass. That would be the disposition required to receive the sacrament. In that case the "rite" would be confession.
Roman Catholic AnswerIn the order that they are received: In the Eastern Rites, they would be Baptism, Confirmation, and Holy Eucharist. In the Latin Rite, they would be Baptism, Penance, and Holy Eucharist.
Roman Catholic AnswerThere is no "Roman Catholic Rite". There is a Latin Rite, Byzantine, Armenian, Chaldean, Coptic, Ethiopic, Malabar, Maronite, and Syrian Rites. They are all Catholic Rites.
The Byzantine Rite.
Both the Eastern Rite Catholics and the Latin Rite Catholics celebrate the same sacraments: Baptism Confirmation Reconciliation Eucharist Marriage Holy Orders Anointing of the Sick
Whether in Romania or elsewhere, the Orthodox Churches are national Churches which broke away from Communion with the Catholic Church in the 11th century. Their clergy and sacraments remain the same, and their liturgy is identical to the Catholic Uniate rites of the same rite, but they are still in schism, and thus not "the same".