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The response you are likely looking for is the CRUSADES, but the reality is much more complex and depends what timeframe you are talking about:

600s-700s
Most European powers did not engage with Muslim armies during the main period of Islamic westward expansion. The main country to suffer losses was the Byzantine Empire which lost over two thirds of its territory to Muslim armies. Its forces had been substantially weakened by decades of war with the neighboring Sassanids of Persia and so the military response by the Byzantines was limited at best and abysmal at the worst. The only other European power that suffered major losses during the Islamic westward expansion was Visigothic Spain. The Visigoths were in the middle of a dynastic dispute and the weaker party invited the Muslims into Spain to help balance his forces. The Muslims defeated the stronger contender, turned on their "ally", and proceeded to conquer almost all of the former Visigothic territory. The French Kingdoms rallied together to halt the Muslim armies at Tours, France to prevent the loss of their kingdoms as well.

1000s
The response you are looking for is the Crusades, although Islamic expansion near Europe (in terms of territories acquired by Islamic States) was minimal during this period. It just so happened that the historic and strategic importance of Constantinople (Istanbul today) galvanized many Europeans to fight on behalf of the beleaguered Byzantines and the Pope's speeches "legitimized" the war.

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9y ago

The response you are likely looking for is the CRUSADES, but the reality is much more complex and depends what timeframe you are talking about:

600s-700s
Most European powers did not engage with Muslim armies during the main period of Islamic westward expansion. The main country to suffer losses was the Byzantine Empire which lost over two thirds of its territory to Muslim armies. Its forces had been substantially weakened by decades of war with the neighboring Sassanids of Persia and so the military response by the Byzantines was limited at best and abysmal at the worst. The only other European power that suffered major losses during the Islamic westward expansion was Visigothic Spain. The Visigoths were in the middle of a dynastic dispute and the weaker party invited the Muslims into Spain to help balance his forces. The Muslims defeated the stronger contender, turned on their "ally", and proceeded to conquer almost all of the former Visigothic territory. The French Kingdoms rallied together to halt the Muslim armies at Tours, France to prevent the loss of their kingdoms as well.

1000s
The response you are looking for is the Crusades, although Islamic expansion near Europe (in terms of territories acquired by Islamic States) was minimal during this period. It just so happened that the historic and strategic importance of Constantinople (Istanbul today) galvanized many Europeans to fight on behalf of the beleaguered Byzantines and the Pope's speeches "legitimized" the war.

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Q: How did European powers respond to Islamic expansion?
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