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The Muslims did not take control after the fall of the Roman world. The Muslims, or better the Arabs, conquered Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt and eastern Libya, seizing them from the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines retook Lebanon, northern Palestine and part of Syria in the 960s and 970s and lost them when in the 1080s when they were defeated in the Byzantine-Seljuk Wars with the Seljuk Turks. The Byzantine Empire continued to exist until 1453.

Byzantine Empire is a term which has been coined by historians to indicate the eastern part of the Roman Empire after the fall of the western part. The Romans did not use this term, they called it Roman Empire or Romania (this referred to this empire and not the country which was later called Romania).

The term Byzantine is derived from Byzantium, the Greek city which was redeveloped, turned into the imperial capital of the eastern part of the Roman Empire and renamed Constantinople by the emperor Constantine the Great in 330. It is used to indicate the fact that not long after the fall of the west, this empire became centred on Greece and Greek in character after it lost most of its non-Greek territories. Greek replaced Latin as the official language of this empire in 620, some 150 years after the fall of the west.

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Q: How did Muslims take control after the fall of the roman world?
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