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Monotheism contributed to, rather than cause, conflict between the Romans and the Jews and between the Romans and the Christians. With regards to the Jews, it was more Roman misrule in Judea than religion which created conflict. The monotheism of the Jews contributed in three ways. One was that the Romans could not effect "religious engineering" with the Jews. All of the other conquered groups were polytheistic and had deities with had affinities with the Roman gods. The Romans often created aspects of their gods which coincided with aspects of the gods of the conquered peoples and sometimes adopted the gods of these peoples. This facilitated the integration of the conquered peoples into the empire. The Romans could not do this with the Jews. Moreover, they did not understand monotheism and this could lead to their mishandling of religious issues in Judea. Monotheism and the existence of scriptures and theology made Judaism a distinctive religion and helped it to become a rallying point and a focus of resistance for the Jews. This had already happened before Roman rule, in the days when the Jews were ruled by the Greeks.

Monotheism's contribution to the conflict with the Christians was also indirect. Although there were prejudice and suspicions about the Christians, in the whole, the Romans tolerated Christianity. This was part of their tolerance towards the religions of other peoples. Some emperors persecuted the Christians, leading to an alternation of periods of tolerance and periods of persecution. The issue for the persecuting emperors were doubts about the loyalty of the Christians to the emperor and the imperial state. The loyalty of all non-Romans was sometimes tested by requiring them to perform sacrifices in honour to the Roman gods. The polytheistic peoples did not have a problem with this because they had many gods. Many of the Christians refused to do so because to them this was like betraying their own god. In addition to this, the Christians abhorred sacrifices. All but one of the emperors from Constantine on were Christians and Christianity eventually became the state religion

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Q: How did monotheism cause conflict with the Romans?
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