From the beginning, the Jewish religion followed God and was not polytheistic as many around were. There were periods when many Israelites departed from it and joined with their neighbors, but there were always those in both kingdoms that remained faithful to Judaism and stood against the pagan beliefs. The beliefs of the pagan religions were always considered abominations to Judaism and the leaders sought to returns the Jews to God.
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The first "Hebrews" were differentiated from the surrounding population not so much by their beliefs as by their practices. In contrast to the others among whom they raised their flocks, the Hebrews avoided robbery, murder, worship of nature and multiple objects, cruelty to animals, and taking advantage of travelers.
If your reaction is "Big deal !", that's only because the revolutionary 4000-year-old social ideas of the Hebrews have become so ingrained and so much the norm in modern western civilization that they seem no more than 'common sense' today.
Dictionaries define "Judaism" as The monotheistic religion of the Jews, since the founding principle of Judaism was and is the belief in One ethical God. This was the teaching which was spread by Abraham, and has continued since then. From Judaism, belief in One God has spread through the Western world. This was unlike idolatry, which had tended to go hand in hand with cruel, licentious and excessive behavior, since the caprices which were narrated concerning the idols were adopted as an excuse to imitate those types of behavior.
Quote:
"I will insist that the Hebrews have done more to civilize men than any other nation ... fate had ordained the Jews to be the most essential instrument for civilizing the nations" (John Adams, 2nd President of the United States).
"Certainly, the world without the Jews would have been a radically different place. Humanity might have eventually stumbled upon all the Jewish insights, but we cannot be sure. All the great conceptual discoveries of the human intellect seem obvious and inescapable once they had been revealed, but it requires a special genius to formulate them for the first time. The Jews had this gift. To them we owe the idea of equality before the law, both Divine and human; of the sanctity of life and the dignity of human person; of the individual conscience and of collective conscience, and social responsibility" (Paul Johnson, Christian historian, author of A History of the Jews and A History of Christianity).
Dictionaries define "Judaism" as The monotheistic religion of the Jews, since the founding principle of Judaism was and is the belief in One ethical God. This was the teaching which was spread by Abraham, and has continued since then. From Judaism, belief in One God has spread through the Western world. This was unlike idolatry, which had tended to go hand in hand with cruel, licentious and excessive behavior, since the caprices which were narrated concerning the idols were adopted as an excuse to imitate those types of behavior.
Not a great deal, in spite of tradition to the contrary. The Bible itself says that the people of the northern kingdom, Israel, worshipped the same gods as their Semitic neighbours, including Baal. We now know that they worshipped Tammuz, Astarte and Asherah. Their worship of the moon god is evidenced by the construction of golden calfs in their major cities.
Israel ceased to exist in 722 BCE, and the southern kingdom of Judah subsequently moved towards a monotheistic religion under King Hosiah. Eventually the Jews, as they became known, held beliefs quite different from their immediate neighbours.
At that time of Abraham the Hebrew, the area where he lived was full of pagan cults; they were polytheistic, worshiping multiple deities. Abraham was the first to advance the idea of ethical monotheism: the worship of One God, and the appropriate ethical code of conduct.
Judaism differed from other ancient religions in the following ways:1) It was the only religion in which God spoke to the entire assembled nation (Exodus ch.19) of over two million people.
2) It made a complete break from the surrounding idolatry. Their monotheism (belief in One God) set the Jews apart because other ancient nations did not share it. We've heard (for example) of Greek mythology and Roman mythology. What not everyone is aware of is that idolatry tended to go hand in hand with cruel, licentious and excessive behavior, since the caprices which were narrated concerning the pagan gods were adopted as an excuse to imitate those types of behavior.
Compare that to God, who reveals His attributes in the Torah as wise, kind, holy, and pure. God is One, so the command to imitate His attributes (Deuteronomy 8:6) was (and is) a straightforward matter once one is even minimally familiar with the Torah.
(See: What do Jews believe God is like?)
Accordingly, Judaism was:
3) The only ancient religion in which a large percentage of its adherents were literate and scholars.
4) It was the only religion in which the people were ruled by God, with no need for a king, for several centuries (see Judges 8:23 and 1 Samuel 8:4-7).
5) The concept of morality was also the work of the Hebrews' religion, including the dignity and value of a person. It is the responsibility of the community to support the widow, the orphan, the poor, and the stranger passing through.
6) Under the law of Judaism, everyone had recourse to the courts. A child, widow, wife, poor person, etc., could initiate legal action against any citizen to redress perpetrated harm. Compare this to those societies in which only mature, land-owning males had rights.
7) Government is accountable to a higher authority. In other ancient societies, the monarch was all-powerful. Among the Israelites, however, the king was under the constant scrutiny of the Divinely-informed prophets, who didn't hesitate to castigate him publicly for any misstep in the sight of God.
And, other than for the crime of rebellion, the king couldn't punish any citizen by his own decision. He was obligated by the Torah-procedures like everyone else (Talmud, Sanhedrin 19a).
8) A robber repays double to his victim, or works it off. Unlike in many other ancient societies, in Judaism debtors are not imprisoned or harmed. They are made to sell property and/or work to repay what they owe. Compare this to the Roman practice by which anyone could accuse a man of owing them money and the debtor could be killed (Roman Twelve Tables of Law, 3:10).
It is important to note that every one of the above existed in Judaism thousands of years earlier than in other nations. Here's just one example: Infanticide was practiced in classical European nations until Judaism and its daughter-religions put a stop to it.
Lang, cited by Keel and Uehlinger (Gods, Goddesses and Images of God in Ancient Israel) tells us of Israelite beliefs: "In the four and a half centuries during which there were one or two Israelite monarchies (ca. 1020-586 B.C.), there was a dominant, polytheistic religion that was indistinguishable from that of neighboring peoples."
He goes on to say that the Israelites venerated their own protector god who was there to provide for health and family. But they venerated Yahweh [God] as well, the regional and national god, whose special domain dealt with war and peace issues. Finally, they worshipped gods who performed specific functions, those that were responsible for various special needs: weather, rain, women's fertility, etc. What we see here is essentially that the only meaningful difference was in who the particular national god of Israel was.
At the time of Abraham the Hebrew, the area where he lived was full of pagan cults; they were polytheistic, worshiping multiple deities. Abraham was the first to advance the idea of ethical monotheism: the worship of One God, and the appropriate ethical code of conduct.
The Israelites differed from other ancient peoples in the following ways:
1) It was the only religion in which God spoke to the entire assembled nation (Exodus ch.19) of over two million people.
2) It made a complete break from the surrounding idolatry. Their monotheism (belief in One God) set the Jews apart because other ancient nations did not share it. We've heard (for example) of Greek mythology and Roman mythology. What not everyone is aware of is that idolatry tended to go hand in hand with cruel, licentious and excessive behavior, since the caprices which were narrated concerning the pagan gods were adopted as an excuse to imitate those types of behavior.
Compare that to God, who reveals His attributes in the Torah as wise, kind, holy, and pure. God is One, so the command to imitate His attributes (Deuteronomy 8:6) was (and is) a straightforward matter once one is even minimally familiar with the Torah.
(See: What do Jews believe God is like?)
Accordingly, Judaism was:
3) The only ancient religion in which a large percentage of its adherents were literate and scholars.
4) It was the only religion in which the people were ruled by God, with no need for a king, for several centuries (see Judges 8:23 and 1 Samuel 8:4-7).
5) The concept of morality was also the work of the Hebrews' religion, including the dignity and value of a person. It is the responsibility of the community to support the widow, the orphan, the poor, and the stranger passing through.
6) Under the law of Judaism, everyone had recourse to the courts. A child, widow, wife, poor person, etc., could initiate legal action against any citizen to redress perpetrated harm. Compare this to those societies in which only mature, land-owning males had rights.
7) Government is accountable to a higher authority. In other ancient societies, the monarch was all-powerful. Among the Israelites, however, the king was under the constant scrutiny of the Divinely-informed prophets, who didn't hesitate to castigate him publicly for any misstep in the sight of God.
And, other than for the crime of rebellion, the king couldn't punish any citizen by his own decision. He was obligated by the Torah-procedures like everyone else (Talmud, Sanhedrin 19a).
8) A robber repays double to his victim, or works it off. Unlike in many other ancient societies, in Judaism debtors are not imprisoned or harmed. They are made to sell property and/or work to repay what they owe. Compare this to the Roman practice by which anyone could accuse a man of owing them money and the debtor could be killed (Roman Twelve Tables of Law, 3:10).
It is important to note that every one of the above existed in Judaism thousands of years earlier than in other nations. Here's just one example: Infanticide was practiced in classical European nations until Judaism and its daughter-religions put a stop to it.
See also:
At the time of Abraham the Hebrew, the area where he lived was full of pagan cults; they were polytheistic, worshiping multiple deities and lacking moral character; with their rites accompanied by things such as human sacrifice, "sacred" prostitution, and animal worship. Abraham was the first to advance the idea of ethical monotheism: the worship of One God, and the appropriate ethical code of conduct.
Link: How Abraham founded Judaism
The Israelites differed from other ancient peoples in the following ways:
Link: Israelite monotheism
Link: What do Jews believe God is like?
Accordingly, Judaism was:
Link: The prophets
It is important to note that every one of the above existed in Judaism thousands of years earlier than in other nations. Here's just one example: Infanticide was practiced in classical European nations until Judaism and its daughter-religions put a stop to it.
At the time of Abraham the Hebrew, the world was full of pagan cults; they were polytheistic, worshiping multiple deities and lacking moral character; with their rites accompanied by things such as human sacrifice, "sacred" prostitution, and animal worship. Abraham was the first to advance the idea of ethical monotheism: the worship of One God, and the appropriate ethical code of conduct.
Link: How Abraham founded Judaism
It is important to note that all of the above existed in Judaism thousands of years earlier than in other nations. Here's just one example: Infanticide was practiced in classical European nations until Judaism and its daughter-religions put a stop to it.
that would be Islam
no
India
slavery was mentioned in The Bible
It is known that the Assyrians did not concern themselves with the religious beliefs and practices of subject peoples. When the Assyrians conquered Israel, they boasted of taking away the idols and treasures from the temples, but this was because of their value, not because of any attempt to influence religious beliefs. In spite of common opinion today, the people of the northern kingdom of Israel actually were at all times polytheistic. Apart from their national God, YHWH, the Israelite pantheon included many of the same gods as their neighbours, so when the Israelites were dispersed throughout the Assyrian empire they would have assimilated easily into the local cultures.We know that the Assyrians did not concern themselves with the religious beliefs of the conquered peoples. When they conquered the northern kingdom of Israel, they boasted of taking away the idols and treasures out of the temples but this was for their value, not in order to suppress the religion of the Israelites. It is now known that the Israelites were actually polytheistic and, apart from the national God YHWH, their pantheon included many of the gods of their neighbours. So when the Israelites were dispersed throughout the Assyrian empire, they would have assimilated easily into the local cultures, without religious coercion.
Some individuals justified slavery by citing biblical passages that seemed to condone owning slaves, such as from the Old Testament. They argued that slavery was a natural part of society and even beneficial for the enslaved individuals, as it could provide them with the opportunity to be introduced to Christianity and thus save their souls.
slavery was mentioned in The Bible
peoples beliefs changed and also religious fights to compare with each other.
An iconoclast is a nonconformist radical person that has no respect for authority or tradition, that destroys religious icons and attacks peoples beliefs.
The Greeks believed in gods and goddesses to explain natural phenomena, human experience, and to provide moral guidance. These deities were also seen as powerful beings who influenced different aspects of life, serving as a way for ancient Greeks to understand and interact with the world around them.
There are many Reconstructionist movements of Ancient polytheistic beliefs, as well as many modern ones.The polytheistic beliefs of ancient peoples has impacted our culture in many ways, from holidays,cities,ruins, and words to even modern religions and beliefs today.
The government can limit religious practices when they pose a threat to public safety or violate established laws, such as banning harmful practices like human sacrifice or stopping discrimination against certain groups in the name of religion. Such limitations should be necessary, proportional, and non-discriminatory.