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How do mutations in DNA structure cause changes in protein function?
Wiki User
∙ 12y ago
In molecular Biology and genetics, mutations are changes in a genomic sequence: the DNA sequence of a cell's genome or the DNA or RNA sequence of a virus. They can be defined as sudden and spontaneous changes in the cell. Mutations are caused by radiation, viruses, transpositions and mutagen chemicals, as well as errors that occur during meiosis or DNA replication.[1][2][3] They can also be induced by the organism itself, by cellular processes such as hyper mutation.
Mutation can result in several different types of change in sequences;(DNA) these can either have no effect, alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning properly or completely. Studies in the fly Philosophic melanoma suggest that if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, this will probably be harmful, with about 70 percent of these mutations having damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial.[4] Due to the damaging effects that mutations can have on genes, organisms have mechanisms such as DNA repair to remove mutations.[1]
Therefore, the optimal mutation rate for a species is a trade-off between costs of a high mutation rate, such as deleterious mutations, and the metabolic costs of maintaining systems to reduce the mutation rate, such as DNA repair enzymes.[5] Viruses that use RNA as their genetic material have rapid mutation rates,[6] which can be an advantage since these viruses will evolve constantly and rapidly, and thus evade the defensive responses of e.g. the human immune system.[7]
Wiki User
∙ 13y ago
Wiki User
∙ 12y agoThe genetic code is transcribed and read in Tripletts. Each triplett represents an amino acid, the building block of proteins.
Through Insertion or Deletion of a nucletid in the DNA, a frame shift will happen and the protein builder (ribosomes) will read nonsense tripletts. Thus every amino acid that is encoded by the sequence behind the mutation is a false one and the protein is most likely to be infunctional and is degraded suddenly.
Through replication failures one nucleotide may be replaced by one other. Thus just one (or none) amino acid is a false one. In most cases this won't stop the function of the protein, but it could affect it's speed or binding affinity.
Wiki User
∙ 6y agoHow can DNA control the production of proteins
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Why can missenes mutations not have an effect on protein function?
Say the part of the gene that is mutated does not change the amino acid sequence of the protein made through the mRNA; hydrophobic amino acid stays hydrophobic. We have many of these small nucleotide polymorphisms in our genomes and they are useful trackers of human migrations, for instance.
A protein's function is dependent on its?
Structure or Shapetype and other of amino acids
The function of a cell depends primarily on?
structureThe shape of the protein will determine the cell. It will also determine the function of the cell.
Why can some gene mutatuions be harmful while others have no effect?
Let's consider a simple example: protein-coding genes. Mutations, or changes in the DNA sequence of the gene, can alter the amino acid sequence of the protein it codes for, if the new sequence translates into different amino acids. Because the genetic code is degenerate, some amino acids are specified by multiple codons, so some mutations may not alter the amino acid sequence at all. Such mutations, called synonymousmutations, have no affect on the protein. Mutations that alter the amino-acid sequence of the protein, called non-synonymousmutations, may or may not have an affect. Most proteins can tolerate some changes to that sequence and not be significantly affected, but if the sequence change is large enough, or occurs at a critical point so that the structure of the protein is significantly altered, then the protein may become non-functional. If that protein is essential to an organism, such a mutation may be lethal.
What determines the specific function of a protein?
The sequence of amino acids determines the specific function of a protein. The shape and structure of the protein determines where in the cell it can go.
Mutations that cause dramatic changes in protein structure are often?
your mom is what causes the answer, Frameshift mutation.
What is a point mutuation?
A point mutation is a type of genetic mutation that involves a change in a single nucleotide base pair in DNA. This can result in the substitution of one nucleotide for another, the insertion of an extra nucleotide, or the deletion of a nucleotide. Point mutations can lead to changes in the amino acid sequence of a protein, which can affect its structure and function.
What is the definition of chromosome mutation?
A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in cells.In biology, mutations are changes to the nucleotide sequence of the genetic material of an organism.
Can you Describe how the amino acids changes in the protein affect the function of the protein and how this causes disease?
Can you describe how the amino acid changes in the protein affects the function of the protein?
Why can missenes mutations not have an effect on protein function?
Say the part of the gene that is mutated does not change the amino acid sequence of the protein made through the mRNA; hydrophobic amino acid stays hydrophobic. We have many of these small nucleotide polymorphisms in our genomes and they are useful trackers of human migrations, for instance.
Why are the proteins affected by heat?
Proteins are very, very shape specific. There function depends on this shape. Heat changes the Kinetic energy of atoms, causing more motion and breaking of bonds. This changes the structure of the protein, which works like a snowball effect as more domains of the protein change. Without the proper structure, the protein may be useless.
Does amino acids affect protein functions?
The sequence of amino acids affects protein function. The three-dimensional structure of a protein determines its function. The three-dimensional structure of a protein is determined by the sequence of its amino acids.
Why does the structure of a protein or enzyme determine its function?
Yes.
Do mutations always alter the encoded protein structure and function?
No. Since a mutation in the DNA may not necessarily result in a change to the encoded amino acid in the protein sequence, it is entirely possible. Further, the protein function will likely not change when an amino acid is replaced with one of similar chemical properties. Sometimes it does, sometimes it doesn't. This is the field that molecular evolutionary biologists study.
A protein's function is dependent on its?
Structure or Shapetype and other of amino acids
The function of a cell depends primarily on?
structureThe shape of the protein will determine the cell. It will also determine the function of the cell.
The order of amino acids is a protein's?
The order of amino acids in a protein determines its structure and function.
