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How is the process of replication on the 3' strand and on the 5' strand the same?
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What are leading strands?
Leading strands are one of the two newly synthesized DNA strands during DNA replication. They are synthesized in a continuous manner in the 5' to 3' direction, following the replication fork. The leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the replication fork is moving, allowing for continuous synthesis.
How many strands of DNA are used as templates during replication?
5'-3' : One strand
The continually elongating strand of new dna at one side of a replication fork during dna replication is known as?
The strand of DNA that is being continually created is known as the leading strand. The strand that is being created in sections/loops is known as the lagging strand. The reason that these two strands are created differently is because the two strands of DNA run in different directions (they are anti-parallel). This means that because new nucleotides can only be added in a 5'-3' direction, the two strands cannot be created in the same method.
What is semi-conservative replication?
It is highly important for DNA to be able to replicate itself so that chromosomes can be copied to give the exact same genetic code to every new cell that is made. It is the base pairing rules that allow DNA to replicate.DNA replication takes part before cell division during mitosis and meiosis. It occurs in the Interphase stage of division. In this phase, the chromosomes become long, unravelled threads of chromatin making them visible under the microscope.Replication happens in a series of different steps, each controlled by enzymes, with ATP supplying energy.Two identical DNA molecules result from the replication process, with one original strand and one new strand. This process is called semi-conservative replication.It is important to understand that semi-conservative replication is a complex, enzyme-controlled reaction. To understand just how complex DNA replication can be, it must be stated that deoxyribose is a five-carbon sugar. Chemists number the carbon atoms, 1 to 5. The phosphate group bonds C3 from one sugar to C5 of the net sugar, giving an antiparallel structure.Because of this antiparellel structure, it influences DNA replication and becomes a complex process. The main steps in semi-conservative replication are outlined here:1. The enzyme helicase unwinds the DNA helix and the base pairs are exposed.2. The enzyme polymerase joins new bases, known as nucleotides, to the existing strand.3. DNA polymerase, however, cannot begin adding bases directly to a new strand from scratch. A primer molecule containing an RNA of about 10 nucleotides is needed to start the replication. The RNA primer is removed later on when the process is finished.4. The only way DNA polymerase can work is by bonding nucleotides directly down the entire length of the 3' - 5' strang. This is referred to as the leading strand in replication.5. The other strand (running 5' - 3' ) must be copied in short segments of around 1000 bases, called Ohazaki fragments. This is known as the lagging strand in DNA replication.6. The enzyme ligase bonds the Ohazaki fragments to form one continuous strand of DNA.7. To ensure replication is as fast as possible, the DNA helix is opened at many sites along the entire molecule for simultaneous replication. Each opening becomes a replication fork allowing replication to proceed in both directions from the fork. This technique makes the DNA replication very fast and efficient.
When DNA replicates what are the new DNA made of?
its made of DNA. Replication just doubles the DNA, just like when bacteria or humans replicate.. the new human is .. well made of human.... It is opposite and anti-parallel.... 5-AATGTC-3 Original strand 3-TTACAG-5 new strand Each new molecule will have 1 original strand, and 1 daughter/newly synthesized strand. DNA replication results in DNA DNA transcription results in a strand of RNA
What are leading strands?
Leading strands are one of the two newly synthesized DNA strands during DNA replication. They are synthesized in a continuous manner in the 5' to 3' direction, following the replication fork. The leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the replication fork is moving, allowing for continuous synthesis.
How many strands of DNA are used as templates during replication?
5'-3' : One strand
At each replication fork one new strand of DNA is made of many small pieces. what is the strand of DNA called?
When the two parent strands of DNA are separated to begin replication, one strand is oriented in the 5' to 3' direction while the other strand is oriented in the 3' to 5' direction. DNA replication, however, is inflexible: the enzyme that carries out the replication, DNA polymerase, only functions in the 5' to 3' direction. This characteristic of DNA polymerase means that the daughter strands synthesize through different methods, one adding nucleotides one by one in the direction of the replication fork, the other able to add nucleotides only in chunks. The first strand, which replicates nucleotides one by one is called the leading strand; the other strand, which replicates in chunks, is called the lagging strand. The lagging strand replicates in small segments, called Okazaki fragments. These fragments are stretches of 100 to 200 nucleotides in humans (1000 to 2000 in bacteria).
The direction of DNA replication on the leading strand occurs in the?
The enzyme DNA polymerase synthesises strands in the 5 prime to 3 prime direction, and as DNA is antiparallel the replication of the leading strand occurs from the 3 prime end of the template to the 5 prime end of the template.
In eukaryotes DNA replication proceeds in one direction down the DNA molecule?
DNA contains the map of how the cell runs and survives. Replication is needed when a cell has to replace itself or another cell. This provides a way for cells to renew itself. Each strand of DNA needs to be copied and added to the new cell that is being created. During replication, the nitrogenous bases separate and allow replication to happen. This the process. 1. Helicase is added to the DNA strand to separate the strands. It causes the nitrogenous bases to break apart and create a replication bubble. At the end of the bubble, there are replication forks that cause elongation of the DNA strands. Proteins prevent the strands from re-sticking. 2. DNA polymerase is used for process of adding new new nitrogenous bases to the separated strands. It starts at an origin of replication and moves in a direction from the 3' side of the strand to the 5' side. It can only add nucleotides in this direction. The strand that is synthesized continuously in this direction is known as the leading strand. 3. Replication moves in the same direction on both strands. It does not encounter much resistance on the leading strand which has the direction of 3' to 5'. The other strand has an anti-parallel direction to the leading strand it is complementary and runs in 5' to 3'. This is known as the lagging strand. This strand needs RNA primer to start the replication process. After the RNA primer starts the process, DNA polymerase starts adding the DNA nucleotides. This can only happen in small segments and is known as Okazaki segments. RNA primer is used for each segment to continue the replication process. After each segment is done, DNA polymerase removes the RNA primer segments and replaces them with DNA nucleotides. Ligase glues the different DNA segments together to create a continuous strand. 4. The end of the strands cannot be replicated and are left out of the replication. This area is referred to as telomeres and do not contain genetic material. The loss of this information does not change the expression of the genes. 5. During the synthesis, DNA polymerases scan the strands and makes sure that nucleotides are correctly matched. If there is an incorrectly matched nucleotide, enzymes fix the problem by replacing the nucleotide. Mutations within the DNA sequence are rare because of this proofreading. 6. After this process there are 2 complete strands of the same DNA. 7. If there is damage to DNA sequence it can be repaired through a process called nucleotide excision repair. Nuclease cuts out the incorrect matching and then replaces it with the correct DNA. Ligase then glues the strand back together. Damage can come from chemical or motor damage.
Why is replication on one strand of DNA continuous while on the other strand the replication must be discontinuous?
New strands of DNA can only be created in one direction - 5' to 3'. This is because only the 3' end of the DNA is able to join to a new nucleotide. The two strands of DNA are antiparallel - meaning they run in different directions. Therefore only one strand (called the leading strand) is running in the correct direction for continuous replication. The other strand (called the lagging strand) must first be looped around so that small sections can be replicated in the correct direction.
What does semi-conservative mean regard to DNA replication?
replicated DNA is made of one old strand and one new strand.
The continually elongating strand of new dna at one side of a replication fork during dna replication is known as?
The strand of DNA that is being continually created is known as the leading strand. The strand that is being created in sections/loops is known as the lagging strand. The reason that these two strands are created differently is because the two strands of DNA run in different directions (they are anti-parallel). This means that because new nucleotides can only be added in a 5'-3' direction, the two strands cannot be created in the same method.
What is semi-conservative replication?
It is highly important for DNA to be able to replicate itself so that chromosomes can be copied to give the exact same genetic code to every new cell that is made. It is the base pairing rules that allow DNA to replicate.DNA replication takes part before cell division during mitosis and meiosis. It occurs in the Interphase stage of division. In this phase, the chromosomes become long, unravelled threads of chromatin making them visible under the microscope.Replication happens in a series of different steps, each controlled by enzymes, with ATP supplying energy.Two identical DNA molecules result from the replication process, with one original strand and one new strand. This process is called semi-conservative replication.It is important to understand that semi-conservative replication is a complex, enzyme-controlled reaction. To understand just how complex DNA replication can be, it must be stated that deoxyribose is a five-carbon sugar. Chemists number the carbon atoms, 1 to 5. The phosphate group bonds C3 from one sugar to C5 of the net sugar, giving an antiparallel structure.Because of this antiparellel structure, it influences DNA replication and becomes a complex process. The main steps in semi-conservative replication are outlined here:1. The enzyme helicase unwinds the DNA helix and the base pairs are exposed.2. The enzyme polymerase joins new bases, known as nucleotides, to the existing strand.3. DNA polymerase, however, cannot begin adding bases directly to a new strand from scratch. A primer molecule containing an RNA of about 10 nucleotides is needed to start the replication. The RNA primer is removed later on when the process is finished.4. The only way DNA polymerase can work is by bonding nucleotides directly down the entire length of the 3' - 5' strang. This is referred to as the leading strand in replication.5. The other strand (running 5' - 3' ) must be copied in short segments of around 1000 bases, called Ohazaki fragments. This is known as the lagging strand in DNA replication.6. The enzyme ligase bonds the Ohazaki fragments to form one continuous strand of DNA.7. To ensure replication is as fast as possible, the DNA helix is opened at many sites along the entire molecule for simultaneous replication. Each opening becomes a replication fork allowing replication to proceed in both directions from the fork. This technique makes the DNA replication very fast and efficient.
When DNA replicates what are the new DNA made of?
its made of DNA. Replication just doubles the DNA, just like when bacteria or humans replicate.. the new human is .. well made of human.... It is opposite and anti-parallel.... 5-AATGTC-3 Original strand 3-TTACAG-5 new strand Each new molecule will have 1 original strand, and 1 daughter/newly synthesized strand. DNA replication results in DNA DNA transcription results in a strand of RNA
What is an end replication problem?
The two strands of a DNA molecule are antiparallel to one another (the backbone of one strand runs from 5'-3' while the complimentary strand runs 3'-5'). Unfortunately, DNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for replicating DNA, can only make DNA in a 5'-3' direction (and read DNA in the 3'-5' direction). Also, it needs a "primer" to give it a place to bind and start replication. So this creates a problem when synthesizing the 3'-5' stand because your enzyme will only synthesize 5'-3'. During replication this is solved by synthesizing small pieces of DNA ahead of the replication fork on the 5'-3' mother strand. Thus we have one daughter strand which is synthesized as a continuous piece of DNA (called the leading strand) and one daughter strand which is synthesized in small, discontinuous pieces (called the lagging strand). However, at the extreme end of the DNA, we run into another problem. The leading stand can be made to the very end, but the lagging strand cannot because you need the RNA primer upstream to begin each piece of the lagging strand DNA but at the end of the DNA there is nothing for this piece to attach to. Thus, the last section of the lagging strand cannot be synthesized and after several rounds of DNA replication, the DNA molecule gets smaller and smaller. This is "the end of replication problem" and it is solved by putting a DNA cap on the ends of DNA called a telomere which does not code for any protein, thus when this information is lost it does not have severe consequences for the cell.
How would you describe the polymerization of nucleotides?
The polymerization of nucleotides occurs in nature by a process called replication. Generally, nucleotides don't self-assemble unless there is a template to assemble onto. So, during replication, the template strand is 'read' by the polymerase (an enzyme) and then it recruits and adds nucleotides onto the growing strand by forming bonds between the 5' carbon of one nucleotide and the 3' of the other.
