How might the history of Christianity have changed if Muslims had eventually conquered all Europe?

Answer 1

AnswerThere is little evidence that the Muslims were keen to conquer all Europe. The Moorish conquest of Spain was at the invitation of Spanish noblement, who saw Islam as protecting their religious freedom, after the king converted from Arianism to Catholicism and then demanded that they do likewise. There was no real concerted effort to invade Europe from the East.

Had Islam actually invaded and conquered all of Europe, history would have been dramatically different. A majority of Europeans would probably have eventually converted to Islam, if only because conversion would offer social or financial benefits. The Americas would not have been colonised by Christians, and so would have become Islamic nations.

The Crusades would never have happened, nor the witchhunts and persecutions of the Middle Ages. On the other hand, Islam has demonstrated at times during its history, periods of severe persecution of the followers of other faiths. No religion is without fault when it comes to human rights abuses.