When a structure ( subjected usually to compression ) undergoes visibly large displacements transverse to the load then it is said to buckle. Buckling may be demonstrated by pressing the opposite edges of a flat sheet of cardboard towards one another. For small loads the process is elastic since buckling displacements disappear when the load is removed.
Local buckling of plates or shells is indicated by the growth of bulges, waves or ripples, and is commonly encountered in the component plates of thin structural members.
Buckling proceeds in manner which may be either :stable - in which case displacements increase in a controlled fashion as loads are increased, ie. the structure's ability to sustain loads is maintained, orunstable - in which case deformations increase instantaneously, the load carrying capacity nose- dives and the structure collapses catastrophically.
Neutral equilibrium is also a theoretical possibility during buckling - this is characterised by deformation increase without change in load.
Buckling and bending are similar in that they both involve bending moments. In bending these moments are substantially independent of the resulting deflections, whereas in buckling the moments and deflections are mutually inter-dependent - so moments, deflections and stresses are notproportional to loads.
If buckling deflections become too large then the structure fails - this is a geometric consideration, completely divorced from any material strengthconsideration. If a component or part thereof is prone to buckling then its design must satisfy both strength and buckling safety constraints - that is why we now examine the subject of buckling.
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When paraphrasing, the reader restates what he has read, but putting it into his own words.
The difference between paraphrasing and quoting is that paraphrasing is giving a brief summary of what was said. Quoting is repeating the exact words that were said.
paraphrasing
Paraphrasing allows the author to maintain control of the material.
The process of using questioning and paraphrasing messages is a type of
When paraphrasing, the reader restates what he has read, but putting it into his own words.
Summarizing and paraphrasing are good rehearsal strategies that help you in reviewing your material.
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing