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After both sides in the case have finished presenting their casss and have 'rested,' both the prosecution and the defense (in criminal cases) or the plaintiff and the defense (in civil trials) present to the judge and/or jury what is known as their "closing argument" in which they summarize their view of the case and try to convince the judge or jury to their point-of-view.
About 11 years in the 1980s and 1990s. It might be a bit less now. Majors are Field Grade officers who have typically commanded company sized units and been to the CASSS school at Fort Leavenworth.Typically, Majors do not hold command position (although some do) but rather serve as staff officers at battalion or above levels.