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Did the evolution of prokaryotes preceed the evolution of eukaryotes?
Yes, prokaryotes are believed to have evolved before eukaryotes. Eukaryotes likely evolved through a process of endosymbiosis, where prokaryotic cells engulfed other prokaryotic cells to form a symbiotic relationship, leading to the development of cellular organelles.
Describe the proposed relationship between prokaryotes and the organelles in eukaryotes?
The endosymbiotic theory proposes that organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells were once independent prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by a host cell. Over time, these organelles formed a symbiotic relationship with the host cell, eventually becoming integrated as essential components of eukaryotic cells. This theory is supported by evidence such as the presence of DNA and ribosomes in these organelles, similar to prokaryotic cells.
How do symbiotic relationships between prokaryotes and eukaryotes contribute to the overall ecosystem balance and functionality?
Symbiotic relationships between prokaryotes and eukaryotes help maintain ecosystem balance and functionality by providing essential services such as nutrient cycling, decomposition, and protection against pathogens. Prokaryotes, like bacteria, can help eukaryotes, like plants and animals, by breaking down organic matter and fixing nitrogen, which is crucial for plant growth. In return, eukaryotes provide a stable environment and nutrients for prokaryotes to thrive. This mutual cooperation enhances the overall health and productivity of the ecosystem.
What does your current evidence tell us about the evolution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes are much simpler organisms than eukaryotes. It is thought that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes. In both cases the evolution process was lengthy and similar to the evolution of other organisms.
What is the endoplasmic theory?
The endoplasmic theory is the theory that states that eukaryotes were originally formed (and can be formed) by prokaryotes absorbing/taking in other prokaryotes to from certain membrane-enclosed organelles.
What is the endosymbiont theory?
The endosymbiont theory posits that certain organelles in eukaryotic cells, specifically mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated from free-living prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells. This symbiotic relationship allowed the host cell to benefit from the energy-producing capabilities of these prokaryotes. Evidence supporting this theory includes the fact that mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, which is similar to bacterial DNA, and they replicate independently of the cell. Thus, the theory explains the evolutionary origin of complex cells.
Are lichens prokaryotes?
No, lichens are not prokaryotes; they are complex organisms formed from a symbiotic relationship between fungi (which are eukaryotes) and photosynthetic partners, typically algae or cyanobacteria (which can be prokaryotic in the case of cyanobacteria). The fungal component provides structure and protection, while the photosynthetic partner contributes nutrients through photosynthesis. Thus, lichens are classified as eukaryotic organisms due to their fungal component.
Are chloroplasts found in prokaryotes?
No, chloroplasts are not found in prokaryotes. Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and some protists, and they are believed to have originated from ancient symbiotic cyanobacteria that were engulfed by a eukaryotic cell. Prokaryotes, such as bacteria, do not have chloroplasts.
Are mitochondria in prokaryote?
No, mitochondria are found in eukaryotic cells, not in prokaryotes. Mitochondria are believed to have originated from a symbiotic relationship between an ancestral eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell.
What process is thought to be involved in the genesis of eukaryotes from prokaryotes?
It is almost certain that DNA-bearing organelles like the mitochondria and the chloroplasts are what remains of ancient symbiotic oxygen-breathing proteobacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively, where the rest of the cell seems to be derived from an ancestral archaean prokaryote cell - a theory termed the endosymbiotic theory.
What must be true if prokaryotes evolved into eukaryotes by absorbing?
If prokaryotes evolved into eukaryotes by absorbing other prokaryotic cells, it must be true that the engulfed cells retained some functional capacity, allowing them to contribute to the metabolic processes of the host cell. This endosymbiotic theory suggests that these absorbed cells eventually became organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, through a symbiotic relationship. Additionally, genetic material from the engulfed cells would need to be integrated into the host's genome or maintained separately, facilitating cooperation and communication between the host and its symbionts.
How would you describe the relationship between the original prokaryotic?
The original prokaryotic cells are believed to have arisen around 3.5 billion years ago and are the ancestors of all modern life. They exhibit a simple structure, lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, which distinguishes them from eukaryotic cells. The relationship between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is fundamental to understanding evolution, as eukaryotes are thought to have evolved from a symbiotic relationship between different prokaryotic species. This endosymbiotic theory suggests that certain organelles in eukaryotic cells, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated from absorbed prokaryotic cells.
