Typically, the foods high in calories would be fried foods, Hamburgers, Pizza, a majority of fast foods, candy, bacon, doughnuts, anything with high fructose corn syrup, most canned foods, potato chips, cookies, pies, cake, cupcakes, soda, juices, etc.
Empty calories are foods that are high in calories but do not make your stomach feel full. Because these foods are often high in fat and sugar there are no health benefits to them.
Any foods that are high in sugar/fat but low in fruits/vegetables will be high in calories but low in vitamins. Donuts would be a prime example.
Foods that are fatty and/or very sugary are generally also high in calories.
I'm sure fatty foods and foods high in calories and carbs.
Toast, cereal.
Yes. A calorie is just a unit of measure for energy
No. Processed foods are generally, but not always, low in essential nutrients and high in calories, fat, and sodium.
"Calorie Laden" is a term given to foods that are full of calories, often not very healthy ones. Some of these foods inculde desserts, high-fat meats and dairy, and fatty foods.
I have no idea for low in calories and high in fats and carbs. But I do now for foods that are high in calories but low in fats and carbs if this helps at all?: Tuna Pork Beans Eggs Protein shakes Low in calories/high in fat and carbs don't really go together since fat is approximately 9 calories per gram. High fat/high carb foods are quite caloric. I think you're out of luck on this one.
butter and lard
There are very few foods that have no nutrients whatsoever, but still have calories. More foods would fall into the range that they contain calories, but very little nutrients. These are known as "empty calories", meaning that they really do not help for the body. Some examples of these would be fried foods, refined sugars / starches, bleanced flours, and high-fat foods (like butter and lard).
Its not as simple as that. If you are going to eat high fat foods you first need to work out how many calories they contain. You then need to work out your daily required calorie intake (this is different for individual people) and then work out how much exercise you would need to do to burn off the excess calorie intake. If you burn more calories than you take in, it should not be a problem. Also, high fat foods don't always contain high calories. Likewise, low fat food can be high in sugars which convert to calories!