The question as phrased makes no sense. Turkestan as a united entity did not exist, so there cannot be "former republics." Perhaps the question was a MASH-up of the question: "What are the 5 former republics of the Soviet Union that form Turkestan?" for which the answer would be: Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan.
The republics of Turkestan include the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, the Altai Republic, and the Chuvash Republic. The Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic and the Sakha Republic are also the republics of Turkestan.
Historically, most of Turkestan was controlled by the Russian Empire and its successor, the Soviet Union. With the fall of the Soviet Union, the various Turkic republics became independent. Now the largest foreign occupier of Turkestan is the People's Republic of China, which still controls East Turkestan (called Xinjiang by the PRC government).
No former Soviet republics have legalized same-sex marriage.
Former communist hardliners have challenged the democratically elected people in former Soviet republics by stating that democracy has not worked. For the most part, their statements are having little effect.
Well there is no country such as Turkestan. Turkestan is a geographical region which refers to the former Soviet Republics and Turkey (including Northern Cyprus) who speak a Turkic Language. Some propose the creation of Turkistan as an official state derived from the union of its countries.Some of the Turkic Languages are; Kazakh, Uzbek, Turkmen, Azeri, Turkish, Kyrgyz, and etc.However in most of these countries Russian is widely spoken and the people of these countries feel close ties to Russia (Russian Music and Drama's are popular, although Turkish Media is growing also). One thing to note is former Soviet Republics are very secular and religion is not taken very seriously. Also because of the past history of Soviet Union it is unlikely that these countries will unite to form a Turkistan. (Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan are very isolated, and continue to go down this path).For further information about unions and loyalties of these countries look at CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) and the SCO ( The Shanghai Cooperation Organization).
NO
EstoniaLatviaLithuaniaKazakhstanKyrgystanTajikistanTurkmenistanUzbekistanBelarusMoldovaUkraineRussian FederationArmeniaAzerbaijanGeorgia
Parlimentary democracy
Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan
russia and others
Turkestan doesn't formally exist - it's a name for the entire territory of people who speak Turkic languages, which spans over many countries, including parts of Western China. Turkmenistan is also one of these countries. Turkmenistan is a country in Central Asia, which was one of the republics of USSR.
The largest religious group in Russia and the western former Soviet republics are Orthodox Christians.