You can use beef boullion cubes, or beef broth.
There is only one listed substitute for saltpeter for the use in corned beef. The product is called Tender Quick and can be found at most grocery stores.
6 beefs
beef steak
if your using it in a soup, stew, or something where it dissolves use vegetable stock. There are also vegetable bouillon that you can buy.
A dry port, marsala, a dry sherry or even beef stock may be used as a substitute to madeira.
You can certainly use veal instead of beef. The result would be quite bland, and veal is usually expensive.
Physically yes. There isn't very much of a chemical difference between the two (i.e. your dish won't explode if you substitute beef for chicken). However, your dish will taste very different, as beef broth is generally heavier and saltier tasting.
it takes 10...trust me...it tastes really good when it has an extra kick of beef bouillon...[= Cans come in different sizes. A small can of condensed (aka concentrated) broth is about 12 ounces (1.5 cups). To make 12 ounces of condensed broth, dissolve 3 bouillion cubes in 1.5 cups of boiling water.
It depends on why you are "substituting" the beef. In a recipe, no. As a dietary substitute, perhaps. Both beef and cottage cheese are forms of protein, dietarily you can eat cottage cheese rather than beef. Trying to use it in a recipe instead of beef is a potential disaster.
Yes.
I'm going to say 1. 1 very large boullion cube
Granules are food on Howrse. You give it to them when they use a lot of energy. Granules do not count in the pounds that the horse must eat daily.