A number of techniques from outlawing native languages and forcing them to speak the language of the colonizers, to unifying groups under one kind of religious rule, to withholding citizenship from native groups refusing to 'follow the rules. '
because they lived there
The classical civilisations were intent on protecting themselves from depredations by the peoples, and often traded with them, and sought to expand their empires by taking them over.
Nomadic peoples migrated in and there was a period of unsettlement until the nomads settled in and established civilisations of their own.
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Here is Wikipedia's definition of empire: "An empire is defined as "an aggregate of nations or people ruled over by an emperor or other powerful sovereign or government, usually a territory of greater extent than a kingdom."Civilizations became empires when they would expand their land and take over the territories of other peoples.
Mainly the peoples of Egypt and Sudan.
Freedom, opportunity and innovation.
Japan was generally a very brutal & dangerous oppressor of the peoples in its occupied territories.
Inuit
The Meso-Americans were indeed lucky. For they managed to keep their civilizations going for more than 600 years. They organized their civilizations in such a way as to win the respect of the peoples of their time, and of subsequent times. For example, the agricultural, architectural, artistic, astronomical and organizational achievements of the Maya astound the peoples of today just as much as the peoples of their day.
Bantu peoples
dynasty