They are called enzymes.
This process is called hydrolysis.
Larger molecules become smaller molecules by chemical reactions referred to as decomposition reactions. These can be as simple as oxidation, or as complex as catalyzed reduction of hydrocarbons (oil). The chemical reactions can be triggered by other reactive chemicals, by catalysts, or by the addition of energy (heat, electric current). They can be spontaneous or be deliberate, and they can sometimes be self-sustaining, as in a cascade reaction.
The type of reaction responsible for the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones is referred to as the catabolic reaction or catabolism.
Digestion breaks down large food particles into small molecules like fatty acids, amino acids, nucleic acids, and sugars. Cellular respiration breaks down small molecules to release their energy and store it in the form of an accessible energy carrier, ATP.
Catabolism is the breaking down of things - a series of degradative chemical reactions that break down complex molecules into smaller units, and in most cases releasing energy in the process. ~One physiological changes is digestion of large food molecules into various nutrients.
Chemical digestion
The process that breaks up molecules into smaller units is called catabolism. Large molecules, such as nucleic acids, are broken down into smaller molecules, such as amino acids.
nuclear explosions or bacteria
chemical digestion
Bile is the chemical which breaks up large fat globules into smaller droplets. It doesn't digest the lipid molecules; it just increases the surface area to aid enzymes in the small intestine.
cellular respiration, water breaks it down
chemical digestion
A degradation reaction breaks down a large molecule into smaller molecules. For example, the enzyme catalase breaks down Hydrogen Peroxide into Oxygen and Water.
This process is called hydrolysis.
An exergonic reaction is a catabolic reaction where large molecules are split into smaller molecules in processes such as hydrolysis.
Larger molecules become smaller molecules by chemical reactions referred to as decomposition reactions. These can be as simple as oxidation, or as complex as catalyzed reduction of hydrocarbons (oil). The chemical reactions can be triggered by other reactive chemicals, by catalysts, or by the addition of energy (heat, electric current). They can be spontaneous or be deliberate, and they can sometimes be self-sustaining, as in a cascade reaction.
A degradation reaction breaks down a large molecule into smaller molecules. For example, the enzyme catalase breaks down Hydrogen Peroxide into Oxygen and Water.