They are called Muslims.
The Islamic nation is called " Al-ummah".
Islam is a religion that can be represented by Islamic Community, Islamic state, Islamic nation, or Islamic world.
This group is called the Shi'a. Its members were known as Shiites.
It is a biome.
They are called Shiites. refer to related question for more information.
There is no singular person who represents the entire worldwide Islamic community like the Pope represents all Catholics. In Shiite Islam, there are the Great Ayatollahs which represent vast swathes of the Shiite community. Smaller Islamic communities are represented by Mullahs and Imams for each congregation.
Indonesia
When more people became islamic
Suggest you ask a Islamic scholar at your local Masjid or Islamic community centre.
The Islamic guidelines for righteous living are called the Islamic law or Shariah. Refer to related question below.
A Caliph or khalifa is a sort of religious dictator, an Islamic ruler, considered to be the political-religious leader of an Islamic community of believers, ruling in accordance with Islamic law.
Zionism only really spread in Egypt among a minority of the Jewish community. It spread by word of mouth, letters, and Zionist publications. It is likely that it would have penetrated further if no Anti-Zionist attitude prevailed in the Islamic community. (The Egyptian Jewish community was afraid of "provoking" the Islamic community.)