The capsule stain employs an acidic stain and a basic stain to detect capsule production.
Capsules are formed by organisms such as Klebsiella pneumoniae . Most capsules are composed of polysaccharides, but some are composed of polypeptides. The capsule differs from the slime layer that most bacterial cells produce in that it is a thick, detectable, discrete layer outside the cell wall. Some capsules have well-defined boundaries, and some have fuzzy, trailing edges. Capsules protect bacteria from the phagocytic action of leukocytes and allow pathogens to invade the body. If a pathogen loses its ability to form capsules, it can become avirulent.
Bacterial capsules are non-ionic, so neither acidic nor basic stains will adhere to their surfaces. Therefore, the best way to visualize them is to stain the background using an acidic stain and to stain the cell itself using a basic stain. We use India ink and Gram crystal violet. This leaves the capsule as a clear halo surrounding a purple cell in a field of black.
The medium in which the culture is grown as well as the temperature at which it is grown and the age of the culture will affect capsule formation. Older cultures are more likely to exhibit capsule production. When performing a capsule stain on your unknown, be sure the culture you take your sample from is at least five days old.
Capsular staining is a laboratory technique used to visualize the presence of a capsuleβa protective layer of polysaccharides surrounding certain bacteria. By staining the bacterial cells and the capsule separately, the capsule can be highlighted under a microscope. Capsular staining helps in the identification of encapsulated bacteria, which is important for diagnosing certain infections.
1- What_is_the_different_staining_technique_in_virology2- What are the diffrent stain in micro for virus ?
One of the disadvantages of heating fixing is that it is very expensive. Secondly, it cannot be used in capsular staining.
Polysaccharides
Extra-Capsular Extraction was created in 1990-10.
Capsular material is very moist (slimy) and any heating will cause it to shrink - it is for this reason that we will not heat fix the slide before staining. Also, heating may cause the bacterial cell to shrink resulting in a clear zone around the cell - which may cause cells which don't have capsules to appear as if they do.
madah
adv..... heat fixing inactivates enzymes that would normally disrupt cell morphology and structure during staining and observation. dis....... if not done well much of the specimen can be destroyed in heat fixing.
An acromioclavicular joint is a synovial joint that connects your collarbone to the shoulder blade. Acromioclavicular joint capsular hypertrophy is an n enlargement of the sac surrounding the capsular ligament in that joint.
negative staining is when the micro-organism on slide is not stained.. instead the rest of the material on the slide gets stained and the organism stands out prominently unstained.. this occurs because that organism has a thick capsule around it which is non-stainable with that stain.. example is pneumococci staining with India ink.
Tendons and Ligaments
Histamines
Abduction, lateral and medial rotation