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The first mention of Satan, although by another name, is in the ancient Gathas of the Zoroastrian religion. The 'Hostile Spirit' was Angra Mainyu, equally uncreated alongside Ahura Mazda, but ignorant and wholly malign.

Zoroastrianism was the religion of the Persians, who liberated the Jews from Exile in Babylon, and it was only in post-Exilic times that the Jews began to write of Satan. However, the Jews had adopted a strongly monotheistic concept for Judaism and could not perceive of Satan as uncreated nor as an adversary to God. They began to perceive Satan as the loyal assistant to God, tasked with testing the righteousness of the faithful. It was not until the first century CE that the Cristians began to see Satan as an adversary to God, in the same way as Zoroastrianism does.

There is no direct link that absolutely confirms that the Jews adopted Satan from Zoroastrianism, nor that the Christian understanding of Satan was influenced by Zoroastrianism, but there are too many coincidences otherwise. Angra Mainyu was Satan.

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Q: What is the first mention of Satan or evil in any form of literature?
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