The loading of modules dynamically in monolithic kernel is done at the binary level as opposed to the architectural level. Dynamically loading modules is a more flexible way of handling the operating system image at runtime - as opposed to rebooting with a different operating system image.
Without loadable kernel modules, an operating system would have to include all possible anticipated functionality already compiled directly into the base kernel. Much of that functionality would reside in memory without being used, wasting memory, and would require that users rebuild and reboot the base kernel every time they require new functionality. Most operating systems supporting loadable kernel modules will include modules to support most desired functionality.(wikipedia)
NLMs (NetWare loadable modules).
Ubuntu uses the Linux kernel, which is a monolithic kernel with loadable modules.
The .ko extension is placed on kernel modules (loadable drivers) in Linux. Further, '.ko' extension is called 'kernel Object', and is implemented from kernel 2.6 onwards, this is perhaps the biggest change as far as loadable kernel modules are concerend. For example, the serial device driver that in Linux 2.4 lived in the file 'serial.o' in Linux 2.6 lives in the file 'serial.ko' .
It depends. Obviously the more you have in the kernel the less you will have for resident memory. This may improve performance if these modules are in use, or it might just take up memory if they are not active. With dynamic loadable modules the idea was to install the module in the resident kernel if it were required at run time rather than compiling them into the kernel. This way an admin can load and unload the modules at will, assuming they know when the modules will be in use.
The primary benefit of using kernel loadable modules (KLMs) is that they allow for dynamic loading and unloading of drivers and functionalities into the kernel without requiring a system reboot. This flexibility enables efficient resource management and the ability to update or add new features on-the-fly. Additionally, KLMs help reduce the kernel's memory footprint by only loading necessary components, enhancing overall system performance and stability.
Program linking is the process where separate compiled code modules are combined to create a single executable program. This process resolves references between different modules and allows the program to be run as a complete unit. Linking can be done statically at compile time or dynamically at runtime.
Main classification of kernel: Monolithic & microlithic Monolithic kernel is a large program ,which contains different modules and they can interact each other . New modules can be dynamically linked or inserted in it.Ie at run time, and we do not want to reboot the system. Microlithic kernel contains different modules .They may be linked together .These modules can communicate with those modules ,which are linked with it.We can only statically insert a new module in it.And when inserting a new module ,we have to link it with other modules to whom with which it has to communicate. Retheesh Soman & Saneeth P R Vadakara,Calicut Ph:9947874780
what r the modules
A program is a set of instructions that are to perform a designated task, where as the process is an operation which takes the given instructions and perform the manipulations as per the code, called 'execution of instructions'. A process is entirely dependent of a 'program'. - A process is a module that executes modules concurrently. They are separate loadable modules. Where as the program perform the tasks directly relating to an operation of a user, like -word processing, executing presentation software etc.
The modules of flower arrangements typically include elements such as balance, proportion, harmony, contrast, and rhythm. Balance ensures the arrangement feels stable, while proportion relates to the size relationship between flowers and containers. Harmony creates a cohesive look through color and texture, contrast emphasizes differences to draw interest, and rhythm guides the viewer's eye through the arrangement. Understanding these modules helps in creating visually appealing and effective floral designs.