Pretty well all parts except the internal organs, including the brain and spinal column. Old cull cows don't have the same quality for beef as would a steer would, so they are made into ground beef and sausages.
Hamburger is from all parts of the cow, usually it is from the parts that are cut off while cutting the steaks and roasts.
No part. Chickens come from chickens, not cows.
Loin
The head
Angus beef does not come from any part of any cow, but comes from a BREED of cattle (or cows) called Angus.
http://ask.metafilter.com/27259/How-much-meat-is-there-on-a-cow
The part of the cow that fajita meat comes from is the plate. Traditionally, fajita meat is made from skirt steaks which is made from the plate of the cow.
The upper part of the cow.
They come from where you might think, the head of the cow on either side, attached to the cheekbones.
The hind quarter, in front of the round.
The part of a cow that shredded beef comes from is the chuck roast. Shredded beef is also known as ground beef.
Tenderloins are from the loin area which is on the side of the back.
http://ask.metafilter.com/27259/How-much-meat-is-there-on-a-cow