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During the Punic Wars, the small landowners were the backbone of the Roman army. While their property was protected while they were away, the large landowners progressively carved of the common land and the small farmers relied on this land to graze their ploughing ox and provide them with other products that their own small lots could not carry. This made their farms unable to support their large families. In addition, the mass of cheap slaves arising from the Punic Wars made the large landowners use them, so there was no work available for the small farmers.

Attempts to resolve this by the Gracchi brothers brought their assassination, so the problems remained unresolved, leading to the instability which brought on the civil wars.

And the reducing numbers of this backbone of the army came to a head with the Germanic invasion, so that landless people had to be enlisted in the army to meet the threat, and these people had to rely on their generals to get them land after discharge, which gave these generals a large clientele, which they used to push their political ambitions, which brought on the era of the civil wars.

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Q: What pressing problems faced the Republic of Rome in 133 BCE?
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What political problems did rome faced?

Rome faced various political problems at different times. At the beginning, it was the monarchy, in the early republic it was the unrest of the plebeians, the Social Wars, the civil wars and the foreign wars also added to Rome's political problems. When Christianity gained strength, it too became a political matter.


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