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Basically, King Leopold II of Belgium personally owned the Congo (so at this point it wasn't actually the "Belgian Congo", it was called, ironically, the "Belgian Free State"). This was in the late 1800s when bicycles were becoming very popular. The Congo was very rich in rubber trees (they grew there naturally), so Leopold sent out his troops to villages throughout the Congo and would take people hostage and say to the rest of the village "go out and collect X amount of rubber (an impossibly high amount) or this guy gets both his hands chopped off".

Even within the context of colonialism, which was practiced by almost every European power at this point, this was seen as especially brutal and inhumane. King Leopold lost his rights to the Congo - it was not given to the Congolese but to Belgium. The Belgium were by no means humanitarian saints, but at least they didn't go around taking hostages and cutting their hands off to get as much rubber as possible.

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Q: What was the Red Rubber Scandal of the Belgian Congo?
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