It can be caused by allergy or heat.
No. Why would they?
the thick scaly skin would be strong to defend against attacks
Atelectasis
Sleep-Fightclub
White spots can be caused by both strep throat and tonsillitis, but not usually on your tongue. There are also certain medications that can cause white spots - although I'm not sure which ones. Cancer can also cause white spots on your tongue - but only mouth or throat cancers, and there would be many other signs of that besides just the spots. So, tonsillitis would be your best bet.
The question is not specific enough. Red spots on the skin can be caused by literally dozens of different diseases and processes.
A simple chest x-ray would not cause a rash. It would take a radiation dose much, much higher to cause something like that. It would be best to consult your physician though as it could be another symptom to the illness that required an x-ray in the first place.
Occipital lobe
It is a form of cancer. It isn't really known how fish get it.
If you are purging, the strain of vomiting could be the cause.
It could be a sign of a broken rib.
This may be a blood clot in the SVC or other vessel.