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When an enveloped virus adsorbs to the host cell with its protein spikes the virions are taken into the cell by the process of?
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∙ 12y ago
endocytosis
Wiki User
∙ 12y ago
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Can virus be made into crystal?
The virions (ie. virus particles outside the host cell) can be crystallized, yes.
How do virus prion and viroid evolve?
Prions are misfolded proteins and may form because of some misreading of the DNA code. Virions are extracellular state of a virus with nucleocapsid.
Summarize three mechanisms of genetic recombination in prokaryotes?
The three ways in which genetic recombination occur in bacteria are:Tranformation - bacteria are able to take up foreign DNA through their cell membranes. This foreign DNA most often remains as an extrachromosomal structure called the plasmid. Sometimes the foreign DNA can integrate into the bacterial genome.Transduction - The transfer of small segments of bacterial DNA by viruses. When viruses invade the bacterial cell, they make use of the bacterial protein machinery to produce virions. During a process called packaging where genetic material is packed into the newly formed virus, bits of bacterial DNA are also included. These new virions then carry the bacterial DNA into the next cell that they infect.Conjugation - Also termed sexual reproduction between bacteria containing an F plasmid (F+) and one that lacks the plasmid (F-). A temporary structure called the conjugation tube is formed between the two interacting bacteria and the exchange of genetic material takes place.
Why are viruses classified as non living particles?
They do not reproduce asexually or sexually. Viruses need a host like a cell in order to reproduce. In the dormant state, they are virions, and considered to be nonliving. However, in their active state, as viruses, they are considered to be living organisms.
Can you induce retro virus genome into a bacteria for the required proteins of retrovirus?
Yes. This a complicated process. They are called retrovirus because they have to work backwards compared to other viruses. Once inside the cell, they highjack the cell the same way as other viruses. These retroviruses are important to understand as so many important diseases are caused by them.The retroviruses are enveloped viruses that have two complete copies of (1) sense RNA . They also contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which uses the viral RNA to form a complementary strand of DNA, which is then replicated to form a dsDNA. This reaction is exactly the reverse of the typical transcription step (DNA -> RNA) in protein synthesis. For virus replication to continue, the newly formed DNA must be transcribed into viral RNA that will function as mRNA for viral protein synthesis and be incorporated into new virions. To do so, the DNA must first migrate to the host cell nucleus and become incorporated into chromosomes of host cells. Such integrated viral DNA is known as a provirus. Retroviruses cause tumors and leukemia in rodents and birds, as well as in humans. The human retroviruses invade immune defense cells called T lymphocytes and are referred to as human T cell leukemia viruses (HTLV). Both HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are associated with malignancies (leukemia and other tumors), whereas the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV- 1 and HIV-2 strains) causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
What is next to virus that is very tiny protein material acting as virus?
virions i.e. a virus protein
Is bird flu naked or enveloped?
Avian (Bird) Flu is one of the Influenza A viruses. All Influenza A viruses are enveloped.See below for related link to WikiPedia for additional information about the structure of Avian Flu virions.
What kinds of enzymes can be found within the virions of specific viruses?
virions have enzymes that carry out importantroles in infection. bacteriophages have the enzyme lysozome .
Can virus be made into crystal?
The virions (ie. virus particles outside the host cell) can be crystallized, yes.
How is protease related to AIDS?
The third class of antiretroviral drugs developed against HIV were the protease inhibitors. These work far back in the life cycle of HIV, after host cell integration but before budding. These drugs affect the enzyme protease, which is used to cut up the HIV protein to be packaged into virions. When the cell produces HIV proteins, the raw material is in a long connected string. The enzyme protease acts as a "scissor" to cut up the string into the protein for each virion. Protease inhibitors prevent protease from doing this. They resemble pieces of the protein string that protease usually cuts. This disrupts the cutting process, which prevents the chain from being cut into small pieces, which prevents HIV from making copies of itself.
What are the steps the virus pertussis uses to reproduce?
In general, viruses go through the following five 1. Adsorption, the attachment of viruses to host cells. 2. Penetration, the entry of virions (or their genome) into host cells. 3. Synthesis, the synthesis of new nucleic acid molecules, capsid proteins, and other viral components within host cells while using the metabolic machinery of those cells. 4. Maturation, the assembly of newly synthesized viral components into complete virions. 5. Release, the departure of new virions from host cells. Release generally, but not always, kills (lyses) host cells.
How virus prion and viroid evolve?
Prions are misfolded proteins and may form because of some misreading of the DNA code. Virions are extracellular state of a virus with nucleocapsid.
What the differences between virion and virus?
Virions are physical entities contain nucleocapsid ,capsid and sometime envelop. It exist extracellularly. Viruses are genetic material that occur intracellularly.
How do virus prion and viroid evolve?
Prions are misfolded proteins and may form because of some misreading of the DNA code. Virions are extracellular state of a virus with nucleocapsid.
Why do most viruses have a single strand genome while larger viruses have a double strand genome?
The larger are encoding hundreds more proteins and assembling more complex virions.
What is the difference of PROVIRUS and VIRION?
A provirus is the virus' genetic material integrated with the genetic material of the host cell. Some viruses stay in this form inside a cell until a specific stimulus causes the provirus to start to reproduce and lyse, or burst, the cell. For instance, some prophages (a provirus from a bacteriophage) the process doesn't continue until UV radiation hits the bacterium. A virion is the name of the actual virus particle. The virion is comprised of the capsid and the DNA (or RNA) of the virus. The term virion is used in a similar way that bacterium is when referring to a single bacterial cell. Some virions, such as HIV also have a phospholipid bilayer that they gain by 'budding' from the host cell. When a cell is lysed the provirus gives way to viral progeny, the virions.
Summarize three mechanisms of genetic recombination in prokaryotes?
The three ways in which genetic recombination occur in bacteria are:Tranformation - bacteria are able to take up foreign DNA through their cell membranes. This foreign DNA most often remains as an extrachromosomal structure called the plasmid. Sometimes the foreign DNA can integrate into the bacterial genome.Transduction - The transfer of small segments of bacterial DNA by viruses. When viruses invade the bacterial cell, they make use of the bacterial protein machinery to produce virions. During a process called packaging where genetic material is packed into the newly formed virus, bits of bacterial DNA are also included. These new virions then carry the bacterial DNA into the next cell that they infect.Conjugation - Also termed sexual reproduction between bacteria containing an F plasmid (F+) and one that lacks the plasmid (F-). A temporary structure called the conjugation tube is formed between the two interacting bacteria and the exchange of genetic material takes place.
