Abraham (Genesis ch.11-25)
Isaac (Genesis ch.17, 21, 22 and 26)
Jacob (Genesis ch.25, and 27-35)
Joseph (Genesis ch.37, and 39-50)
Moses (Exodus ch.2 onwards)
Joshua, Deborah (Judges ch.4-5), Samuel, King David, King Solomon, King Hezekiah, Mordecai, Ezra, Hillel, Rabbi Akiva, Rabbi Judah ("the prince"), Rabbi Ashi, Rabbi Saadia Gaon, and thousands more.
See also the related link:
Dates and major names in Jewish history
Vishnu and Shiva are central figures in Hinduism.
Judaism doesn't have a central prophet. That being said, the greatest prophet in Judaism was Moshe (Moses) because of his unique relationship with HaShem.
Reform Judaism prizes Jewish Identity over Jewish ritual.
The central figure in the Catholic religion is Jesus.
For Judaism and Christianity it is Jerusalem. For Islam it is Mecca.
Judaism has not had one central religious leader in almost 2,000 years.
Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are the Patriarchs of Judaism, while Moses is the greatest prophet of Judaism. However, Judaism has thousands of prophets, the most significant were recorded in the Tanach (Jewish Bible).
Judaism
Monotheism, Judaism, and the Torah. The belief that God has given us the Torah, which is the basis of Judaism.
Prophet Moses, Abraham, Isaac, Joseph, David, Solomon all were Prophets in Judaism, Christianity and Islam
The entire Torah.
That God is One.