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The US had constantly expanded its territorial borders, by annexation, purchase, and wars, from 1776 on. But after establishing the western territories and states, there was a pause. More accurately, the US did not have any place to expand toduring the 1870's, following the continental agreements with Canada (Oregon, 1846) and Mexico (Gadsden Purchase, 1854) and Russia (Alaska, 1867).

The rebuilding after the US Civil War (1861-1865) was a continuing focus of the country, and it was only during the frenzied expansion of the other world empires (Africa, 1881) that the US saw its international position threatened. The Spanish-American War (1898) dismantled much of Spain's remaining colonial holdings, seizing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. The same year, Hawaii was annexed, and Midway Island was claimed in 1903. The final acquisitions were the Panama Canal Zone (1903) and the purchase of the US Virgin Islands from Denmark during World War I (1917).

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Q: Why did America show little interest in expanding beyond its borders before the 1880's?
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