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They were being persecuted in Western Europe. Casimir the Great invited them to Poland in 1343. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Jews were expelled from many of the western countries, like England and Spain, so they slowly began to migrate further east, where they were more welcomed (it took centuries before they were finally granted equal rights in Poland). Later, during the Holocaust, many countries closed their borders to Jews (such as the US). They found refuge mostly in Poland, at least until Hitler conquered it.

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There is an incorrect assumption in this question, namely that Jews came to Eastern Europe during the Roman Period. Jews came to Eastern Europe significantly later in history and this was typically a result of fleeing Western European Medieval States. They fled these states due to religious persecution, economic and community failures, and Jewish ghetto restrictions. Conversely, the rulers of Eastern Europe, such as Casimir the Great of Poland, were welcoming of the Jews and permitted them to settle in his kingdom. Mass migration eastward began in the 1300s and did not cease until the 1600s, when Western Europe began to become a little more accommodating to Jews.

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Q: Why did many Jews migrate to Eastern Europe?
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