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The machinegun. Machineguns were first used to great effect during the Russo-Japanese in 1904-1905. European military observers were present on the battlefields in Asia to witness the slaughter. Ten years later in 1914 they put those machineguns to use. Instead of mass human wave assaults (massed infantry assaults), they had to hold the ground they took by digging trenches. The initial massed human wave assaults in WWI (1914-1918) amounted to simply a slaughter of men; done by the machinegun. Addition: The above is true. Trench warfare was however most noticably used on the Western Front, warfare was more fluid in the East & in the Middle East: What the Trench does is to provide cover from fire & cover from view. Whay made it possible were two other factors, Railways for transportation & Tinned Food for supply. Artillery accuracy & effectiveness were also important changes in the way warfare happened as time progressed.

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Q: Why were the armies fighting in the great war forced to dig trenches instead of fighting on a battlefield?
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