It is called weathering.
Steep-sided depressions that form when the roof of a cave collapses are called sinkholes. They can develop gradually or suddenly, often due to the dissolution of underground rock layers, which weakens the ground above them and leads to a collapse.
A cave is typically formed through a combination of weathering and erosion. Weathering breaks down the rock material, while erosion removes it, creating a void in the rock that can develop into a cave over time.
Groundwater erosion can dissolve the underlying rock or soil beneath the surface over time, creating voids or cavities. If these voids grow large enough to weaken the surface layer, it can collapse suddenly, leading to the formation of a sinkhole. This process is accelerated in areas with soluble rock such as limestone or gypsum.
Igneous rock forms from molten rock that cools and solidifies, either above or below the Earth's surface. This process can result in the formation of rocks such as basalt, granite, and obsidian.
If too much limestone dissolves in an underground cave, it can weaken the structural integrity of the cave and lead to collapse or sinkholes. This process is known as karstification and can occur over a long period of time as water continuously dissolves the limestone rock.
When rock above a cave collapses, a sinkhole is formed.
When rock above a cave collapses, a sinkhole is formed.
It is called weathering.
When the rock above a cave collapses, it can form a sinkhole if the collapse creates a depression in the ground. This can sometimes lead to the formation of a sinkhole cave system underground.
When the rock of a cave collapses, it forms a feature known as a "sinkhole" or "cave-in." This occurs when the ceiling of the cave becomes unstable due to erosion, water infiltration, or structural weaknesses, resulting in the sudden dropping of rock and debris. The collapse can create an opening at the surface, potentially impacting the landscape above and causing hazards for structures nearby. Additionally, this process can lead to the formation of new geological features over time.
It is called weathering.
Steep-sided depressions that form when the roof of a cave collapses are called sinkholes. They can develop gradually or suddenly, often due to the dissolution of underground rock layers, which weakens the ground above them and leads to a collapse.
It is called weathering.
Metamorphic rock.
A sea arch forms when the rock of a sea cave is eroded through by wave action, leaving behind a natural arch structure that extends out into the water. Over time, the sea arch may eventually collapse, forming a sea stack.
A shakehole (or sinkhole) - it can form an entrance to the cave, or block it entirely. Also swallow hole. It's important to realise that the existence of a shakehole does not necessarily mean an enterable cave lies below: the dissolved carbonate rock below may have been carried away in a multitude of fine conduits as in chalk, rather than a discreet passage.
A subsidence doline is a sinkhole that forms when layers of rock above an underground cavity collapse. This collapse can be triggered by factors such as erosion, groundwater depletion, or human activities. Subsidence dolines are typically circular and can vary in size from a few meters to hundreds of meters in diameter.