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What are the assumptions of cardinal utility theory and ordinal utility theory?
Wiki User
∙ 13y ago
Cardinal: people can enumerate their utility differences from different baskets of goods or services. I.e.) they can put a number to how much they like something.
Ordinal: people can provide rankings of different baskets of goods or services. I.e.) they can say which combinations of goods they like better than others, but not by how much.
Additionally, we basically assume transitivity, continuity, rationality, and convexity of preferences.
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∙ 13y ago
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What is the similarity between cardinal utility theory and ordinal utility theory?
When discussing cardinal vs. ordinal, it is helpful to look at what the words mean. The distinguishing factor here is between cardinal and ordinal numbers. Cardinal numbers are 1, 2, 3; ordinal numbers, 1st, 2nd, 3rd. Some crucial differences follow from that. Whereas mathematical operations can be performed on cardinal numbers, they cannot be performed on ordinal numbers. Now, when talking about cardinal utility, it is an attempt to ''measure the utility of various alternatives. When talking about ordinal utility, it is the ''ranking of alternatives.'''' Cardinal utility is, however, an erroneous concept. It is impossible to "measure" utility. People can only say "I prefer A to B", but cannot meaningfully say "I prefer A 2.5 times more than B" or something to that effect. Furthermore, comparisons of utility between different individuals are impossible and meaningless, as well as between the same individual at different points in time (as individuals can and do change their preferences -- that is, ordinal value-scale rankings). Because value is subjective, we cannot measure it and cannot compare between two different people, or even between the same person at different times. To clarify, ordinal utility culminates in value-scales: 1st: A2nd: B3rd: C whereas cardinal utility is the erroneous attempt at measurement: 10utils -- A7utils -- B3utils -- COmar Tawfik.
What are the limitations of cardinal utility analysis?
Firstly, theory assumes that it is possible to assign numerical values to utility. the theory happens to a single commodity model, in which the utility of one commodity is treated as being totally independent of the utility of the other commodities.
What is marshall's cardinal utility theory?
In economics, cardinal utility is a theory of utility under which the utility (roughly, satisfaction) gained from a particular good or service can be measured and that the magnitude of the measurement is meaningful. Under cardinal utility theory, the util is a unit of measurement much like the metre orsecond. A util has a fixed size, making comparisons based on ratios of utils possible.This sort of comparison is of great theoretical value in social planning and ethics. Under the framework ofutilitarianism, actions (including production of goods and provision of services) are judged by their contributions to overall happiness. Cardinal utility provides a way of judging the "greatest good to the greatest number". An act that reduces one person's utility by 75 utils while increasing two others' by 50 utils each has increased overall utility by 25 utils and is thus a positive contribution; one that costs the first person 125 utils while giving the same 50 each to two other people has resulted in a net loss of 25 utils.This ability to neatly compare utilities in theory runs into problems in practice. There are major difficulties in measuring utility, which is inherently subjective. Unlike with distance or time, one cannot simply use a ruler or stopwatch to measure satisfaction. It is not simple to definitively say whether a good is worth 50, 75, or 125 utils to a person, or even if it is worth the same number of utils to two different people. These problems have resulted in a shift in microeconomic theory towards ranked preferences or ordinal utility, in which a good with a higher utility is preferred to one with lower utility but the magnitude of the difference has no meaning.Cardinal utility was popular with utilitarian economists in the 18th century. Their belief was that utility could be measured and therefore wealth redistributed to those with lower levels of utility. Some utilitarians believed that since utility has diminishing marginal returns, it could be shaven off the top of an individual and given to another individual who would find the utility more useful. Many modern utilitarians, however, argue that such social engineering is impractical and is itself likely to reduce total utility.There remain economists who believe that utility can be measured. These measures are not perfect but can act as a proxy for the utility. Lancaster's characteristics approach to consumer demand illustrates this point.
Why economist use cardinal utility theory?
In economics, cardinal utility is a theory of utility under which the utility (roughly, satisfaction) gained from a particular good or service can be measured and that the magnitude of the measurement is meaningful. Under cardinal utility theory, the util is a unit of measurement much like the metre or second. A util has a fixed size, making comparisons based on ratios of utils possible.This sort of comparison is of great theoretical value in social planning and ethics. Under the framework of utilitarianism, actions (including production of goods and provision of services) are judged by their contributions to overall happiness. Cardinal utility provides a way of judging the "greatest good to the greatest number". An act that reduces one person's utility by 75 utils while increasing two others' by 50 utils each has increased overall utility by 25 utils and is thus a positive contribution; one that costs the first person 125 utils while giving the same 50 each to two other people has resulted in a net loss of 25 utils.This ability to neatly compare utilities in theory runs into problems in practice. There are major difficulties in measuring utility, which is inherently subjective. Unlike with distance or time, one cannot simply use a ruler or stopwatch to measure satisfaction. It is not simple to definitively say whether a good is worth 50, 75, or 125 utils to a person, or even if it is worth the same number of utils to two different people. These problems have resulted in a shift in microeconomic theory towards ranked preferences or ordinal utility, in which a good with a higher utility is preferred to one with lower utility but the magnitude of the difference has no meaning.Cardinal utility was popular with utilitarian economists in the 18th century. Their belief was that utility could be measured and therefore wealth redistributed to those with lower levels of utility. Some utilitarians believed that since utility has diminishing marginal returns, it could be shaven off the top of an individual and given to another individual who would find the utility more useful. Many modern utilitarians, however, argue that such social engineering is impractical and is itself likely to reduce total utility.There remain economists who believe that utility can be measured. These measures are not perfect but can act as a proxy for the utility. Lancaster's characteristics approach to consumer demand illustrates this point.
Compare the assumptions Theory X makes about workers with those of Theory Y How do these different assumptions influence management styles?
The assumption that Theory X and Theory Y about workers influences management styles. The assumptions of these two theories differ from employee motivation as well as satisfying employees' needs.
Define cardinal approach?
The cardinal approach in a careful approach that states that utility is measurable. The ordinal approach disagrees with this theory.
What is the similarity between cardinal utility theory and ordinal utility theory?
When discussing cardinal vs. ordinal, it is helpful to look at what the words mean. The distinguishing factor here is between cardinal and ordinal numbers. Cardinal numbers are 1, 2, 3; ordinal numbers, 1st, 2nd, 3rd. Some crucial differences follow from that. Whereas mathematical operations can be performed on cardinal numbers, they cannot be performed on ordinal numbers. Now, when talking about cardinal utility, it is an attempt to ''measure the utility of various alternatives. When talking about ordinal utility, it is the ''ranking of alternatives.'''' Cardinal utility is, however, an erroneous concept. It is impossible to "measure" utility. People can only say "I prefer A to B", but cannot meaningfully say "I prefer A 2.5 times more than B" or something to that effect. Furthermore, comparisons of utility between different individuals are impossible and meaningless, as well as between the same individual at different points in time (as individuals can and do change their preferences -- that is, ordinal value-scale rankings). Because value is subjective, we cannot measure it and cannot compare between two different people, or even between the same person at different times. To clarify, ordinal utility culminates in value-scales: 1st: A2nd: B3rd: C whereas cardinal utility is the erroneous attempt at measurement: 10utils -- A7utils -- B3utils -- COmar Tawfik.
What are the Limitations of cardinal utility?
give the limitations of cardinal utility theory
What are the similarities between cardinal and ordinal approach?
they both obey the diminishing returns theory
Define ordinal utility?
Ordinal utility is a concept in economics that refers to the ranking of preferences among different alternative choices based on satisfaction or utility derived by an individual. It does not assign a specific numerical value to the level of satisfaction, but simply ranks the different choices in order of preference. This approach helps in understanding consumer behavior and decision-making without needing to quantify utility levels.
The cardinal utility approach which asumes that utility is quantified has been criticised extentively are these criticism enough to make the theory null and void?
No
What are the limitations of cardinal utility analysis?
Firstly, theory assumes that it is possible to assign numerical values to utility. the theory happens to a single commodity model, in which the utility of one commodity is treated as being totally independent of the utility of the other commodities.
What is an explanation of the revealed preference theory?
The Revealed Prfeference Theory has been propunded by Prof.Samuelson. This theory has been based upon behaviorial ordinal oproach.This theory known as Consumption theory and different from Hicks and Marshall utility theory of the demand.
What are the Cardinal utility theory weaknesses and limitations in explaining consumer behaviour What are they?
When we can not measure in terms of money but we can measure of level of satisfaction then it is called cardinal approach. The cardinal theory recognizes that each consumer works off of a limitation on resources, specifically a limitation on money. This resource limitation requires consumers to make utility choices with a strong consideration for price. The result is a theory that suggests that a higher quality item, or item with greater utility, will be favored by a consumer if the higher price is justified by his limitation and his faith in the increase of quality.
When is an ideal gas an imaginary gas?
When it conforms to all assumptions of kinetic theory
What is marshall's cardinal utility theory?
In economics, cardinal utility is a theory of utility under which the utility (roughly, satisfaction) gained from a particular good or service can be measured and that the magnitude of the measurement is meaningful. Under cardinal utility theory, the util is a unit of measurement much like the metre orsecond. A util has a fixed size, making comparisons based on ratios of utils possible.This sort of comparison is of great theoretical value in social planning and ethics. Under the framework ofutilitarianism, actions (including production of goods and provision of services) are judged by their contributions to overall happiness. Cardinal utility provides a way of judging the "greatest good to the greatest number". An act that reduces one person's utility by 75 utils while increasing two others' by 50 utils each has increased overall utility by 25 utils and is thus a positive contribution; one that costs the first person 125 utils while giving the same 50 each to two other people has resulted in a net loss of 25 utils.This ability to neatly compare utilities in theory runs into problems in practice. There are major difficulties in measuring utility, which is inherently subjective. Unlike with distance or time, one cannot simply use a ruler or stopwatch to measure satisfaction. It is not simple to definitively say whether a good is worth 50, 75, or 125 utils to a person, or even if it is worth the same number of utils to two different people. These problems have resulted in a shift in microeconomic theory towards ranked preferences or ordinal utility, in which a good with a higher utility is preferred to one with lower utility but the magnitude of the difference has no meaning.Cardinal utility was popular with utilitarian economists in the 18th century. Their belief was that utility could be measured and therefore wealth redistributed to those with lower levels of utility. Some utilitarians believed that since utility has diminishing marginal returns, it could be shaven off the top of an individual and given to another individual who would find the utility more useful. Many modern utilitarians, however, argue that such social engineering is impractical and is itself likely to reduce total utility.There remain economists who believe that utility can be measured. These measures are not perfect but can act as a proxy for the utility. Lancaster's characteristics approach to consumer demand illustrates this point.
Why economist use cardinal utility theory?
In economics, cardinal utility is a theory of utility under which the utility (roughly, satisfaction) gained from a particular good or service can be measured and that the magnitude of the measurement is meaningful. Under cardinal utility theory, the util is a unit of measurement much like the metre or second. A util has a fixed size, making comparisons based on ratios of utils possible.This sort of comparison is of great theoretical value in social planning and ethics. Under the framework of utilitarianism, actions (including production of goods and provision of services) are judged by their contributions to overall happiness. Cardinal utility provides a way of judging the "greatest good to the greatest number". An act that reduces one person's utility by 75 utils while increasing two others' by 50 utils each has increased overall utility by 25 utils and is thus a positive contribution; one that costs the first person 125 utils while giving the same 50 each to two other people has resulted in a net loss of 25 utils.This ability to neatly compare utilities in theory runs into problems in practice. There are major difficulties in measuring utility, which is inherently subjective. Unlike with distance or time, one cannot simply use a ruler or stopwatch to measure satisfaction. It is not simple to definitively say whether a good is worth 50, 75, or 125 utils to a person, or even if it is worth the same number of utils to two different people. These problems have resulted in a shift in microeconomic theory towards ranked preferences or ordinal utility, in which a good with a higher utility is preferred to one with lower utility but the magnitude of the difference has no meaning.Cardinal utility was popular with utilitarian economists in the 18th century. Their belief was that utility could be measured and therefore wealth redistributed to those with lower levels of utility. Some utilitarians believed that since utility has diminishing marginal returns, it could be shaven off the top of an individual and given to another individual who would find the utility more useful. Many modern utilitarians, however, argue that such social engineering is impractical and is itself likely to reduce total utility.There remain economists who believe that utility can be measured. These measures are not perfect but can act as a proxy for the utility. Lancaster's characteristics approach to consumer demand illustrates this point.
