Government owned oil companies in India suffer losses as the prices of petroleum products are administered by the government. Even when the oil prices increase the government is not in a position to rise the prices automatically due to fear of loss of popularity. So the government issued oil bonds to cover the losses or to put it simply the loss was covered by the government without paying a single rupee from its funds. The oil companies can raise loans against the bonds but can they cash the same is a moot question.
callable bonds
treasury bonds are risk free bonds.
bonds
"Corporate Bonds" I put a linked list of Corporate Bonds below
similar to other forms of surety bonds, bid bonds are callable on demand.
Unsaturated in chemistry means that there are either carbon-carbon double bonds or triple bonds present in the compound. The oil is usually taken to be a naturally occuring vegetable oil which may be fat, a fatty acid- the term is very broad. In these there are only carbon-carbon double bonds. The oil could also be a mineral oil, - i.e. an alkene or alkyne.
Bonds in organic compounds from oil are covalent.
burning oil causes bonds to break between the oil's molecules which releases energy
Most of hydrocarbon oils, such as coconut oil or vegetable oil contain only non polar bonds.
Since oil is a liquid. it can b known from that and from the known facts, oil has double bonds. no oil is completely saturated. the double bonds allow the iodine radicals to react to carbon molecules with double bonds in turn saturating the oil molecules. however the reaction takes place in a dark environment at boiling temperature and in presence of a suitable catalyst.
ester linkage
This emulsion is a mixture of oil and water that has the oil statistically distributed through the water. Water is internally covalently bonded and molecule to molecule of water, hydrogen bonded. The oil is probably a long chain hydrocarbon type the has carbon carbon bonds and carbon hydrogen bonds that are covalent. That is, electrons are shared between atom in covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds result from differences in electronegative values.
Both of them are just very similar I think.
palm oil and peanut oil
Oil contains unsaturated fats, that it, carbon-carbon double bonds.
Emulsifiers are molecules that have two different ends. A hydrollic end water loving that forms chemical bonds with water but not oil. A hydrophobic end water hating that forms a chemical bonds with oils but not oil.
fat is referred to Animal fat/ saturated fat=no double bonds between carbon chain while oil is referred to plant or fish fat(oil)/ unsaturated fat = it contains double bonds between carbon chain.