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What is antibody valence?
It is the number of antigens one antibody molecule can bind to. For example, a trivalent antibody can simultaneously bind to three copies of the antigen it recognizes. This is not related to atomic valence.
How can a diverse array of antibodies be generated against a single antigen?
A diverse array of antibodies can be generated against a single antigen through a process called somatic hypermutation. This process allows B cells to produce a wide range of antibodies with different binding affinities to the antigen, increasing the chances of finding an effective antibody to neutralize the antigen.
How many types of antigens can bind to a single antibody?
An antibody can typically bind to one specific type of antigen.
Which of the following is NOT true about antibodies a. an antibody has more than one antigen binding site b. a pathogen can have different epitopes c. a pathogen makes more than one antigen?
c. a pathogen makes more than one antigen. Pathogens typically have multiple epitopes that can be recognized by antibodies, but they do not make more than one antigen. Each pathogen produces specific antigens that can trigger an immune response.
How monoclonal antibody are produced?
by the help of hybridoma technology. single type of B cell which is sensitized with single epitope of antigen fysed with a myeloma cell. then that fused cell produce single type of antibody....that is monoclonal antibody.....
Why polyclonal antibody solution is able to precipitate its antigen protein whereas monlclonal antibody solution has hard time to do so?
Polyclonal antibody recognizes several epitopes on the target protein while monoclonal antibody recognizes only single epitope. Sometimes, monoclonal antibodies are not able to precipitate the antigen because the epitope might need to be exposed on the surface of the antigen to be recognized by the antibody. Since the epitope might be hidden and it's a single epitope that is recognized by the monoclonal antibody, the propability of the antibody to reconize the epitope is lower compared with the polyclonal antibody that recognizes several epitopes on the target protein.
What is a single chain variable fragment antibody?
A single chain variable fragment (scFv) is a type of antibody that consists of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of an antibody linked together by a short peptide linker. This results in a single polypeptide chain that retains the antigen-binding specificity of the original antibody. ScFvs are used in various research and therapeutic applications due to their small size and modular nature.
What bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response?
The Fab portion of the antibody is what determines the idiotype. The Fab portion consists of both a heavy and light chain and is connected to the Fc region (isotype). Every B cell will express a different Fab structure and in a single B cell it will produce only the same Fab.
Why polyclonal antibody tend to have cross-reaction compare to monoclonal antibody?
Polyclonal antibody recognizes several epitopes on the target protein while monoclonal antibody recognizes only single epitope, hence monoclonal antibodies are more specific than polyclonal antibodies. However, sometimes MAbs are not able to precipitate the antigen because the epitope might need to be exposed on the surface of the antigen to be recognized by the antibody. Since some of the epitope might be hidden and it's a single epitope that is recognized by the monoclonal antibody, the propability of the antibody to reconize the epitope is lower compared with the polyclonal antibody that recognizes several epitopes on the target protein this is the reason for the tendency of polyclonal antibodies to have cross-reaction as compared to MAbs. by Victor S Gruezo Jr
Why do you need a different antibody for each type of cell?
Because every cell subject to attack by antibodies has different antigen components on its surface, displaying different " locks " to the antibodies " keys. " This is why a form of selection is used in generating a wide variation in antibody CDR sites.
What does the Clonal Selection Theory state?
The Clonal Selection Theory explain how the immune system can be both diverse and very specific at the same time.The theory states:All antibodies are precommitted to making a single antibody with a single specificityA single cell produces only one antibody which interacts with only one antigen with the highest specificityWhen the right antigen interacts with that cell, it leads to clonal expansion and proliferation of that cell, so that many daughter-cells are made with the exact same specificityThe ability to recognise an antigen is dependent on a receptor, and the receptor is a product of the same cell that secretes the antibody. This ensures that made antibodies will fit with the antigen they are supposed to bind.A clone is defined as a group of cells in which all daughter cells are equal in their specificity
What is single diffusion gel growth method?
Single diffusion gel growth method is a technique used to study the interaction between an antigen and an antibody. In this method, the antigen and antibody are allowed to diffuse through a gel medium towards each other, forming a visible line of precipitation where they meet, which can be used to determine the presence of specific antibodies or antigens. It is often used in immunology labs to detect and quantify antibodies in serum samples.
