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Prussia has been inhabited for thousands of years. The ancient Romans wrote about a tribe called the Aesti who lived there around the time of Roman Emperor Augustus. It's believed that the Aesti were the Brusa (or Prusa) people, also known as the Old Prussians. They were non-Germanic (it's unclear exactly where they derive from) tribesmen who lived in the area.

In the 1200s, an army of German knights known as the Teutonic Order launched a crusade against the Old Prussians because they refused to convert to Catholicism. The crusade was mostly successful, and the Teutonic Knights conquered the area around the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. The Order then launched a less successful attack on Lithuania, which was also not Catholic; they were eventually decisively defeated by a combined Polish and Lithuanian army and their conquests ended.

In the early 1500s, the last grand master of the Knights converted to Lutheranism. He worked out a deal with the King of Poland to become the first Duke of Prussia. In 1525, the Duchy of Prussia was born and was comprised of the territory that the Teutonic Knights had controlled. In 1701, the Duchy became a Kingdom, as a reward for helping fight against France during the War of the Spanish Succession.

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