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The religion of the former eastern part of the Roman Empire in 1300 was Orthodox Christianity. It had been so since the Edict of Thessalonica on 380, except that at that time it was called Greek of Eastern Christianity.

Edict of Thessalonica made mainstream Christianity (Latin or Western Christianity and Greek or Eastern Christianity) the sole legitimate religion of the Roman Empire. Its purpose t was to ban dissident Christian doctrines, which were branded as heretic. The main target was Arian Christianity, which was popular around the empire. At that time the Latin/Western church and the Greek/Eastern Church, were the main churches of the western and eastern part of the empire respectively. They were two branches of one church which was called Catholic Church and they both subscribed to the Nicene Creed, a particular interpretation of the trinity Later these two churches spit and came to be called Catholic and Orthodox respectively.

Western Roman Empire and Eastern Roman Empire are terms which have been coined by historians. The Romans did not use them. The said Roman Empire. Historians have also coined the term Byzantine Empire to indicate the eastern part of the Roman Empire after the fall of the western part in the late 5th century. The Romans did not use this term, either. They called it Roman Empire or Romania (this referred to this empire and not the country which was later called Romania).

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